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. 2021 Apr 29;6(2):66. doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed6020066

Table 3.

Proportion of children with visual impairment, overall and by gestational age and other clinical characteristics a.

Overall b Gestational Age <37 Weeks Structural Eye Abnormalities Microcephaly At Risk for Developmental Delay c Other Neuro-Developmental Abnormalities d Confirmed ZIKV Infection e Normal Eye, Neurologic, and Developmental Exam
n = 78 n = 21 n = 2 n = 5 n = 18 n = 5 n = 14 n = 58
n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%)
Visual Impairment 19/72
(26.4) 		6/19
(31.6) 		0/2
(0.0) 		1/5
(20.0) 		5/16
(31.3) 		2/4
(50.0) 		5/13
(38.5) 		13/51
(25.5)

  • Hiding Heidi

    contrast testing

 18/75
(24.0)		 6/19
(31.6)		 0/2
(0.0)		 1/5
(20.0)		 5/16
(31.3)		 2/4
(50.0)		 5/13
(38.5)		 12/54
(22.2)

  • Shift of gaze

 6/77
(7.8)		 1/20
(5.0)		 0/2
(0.0)		 1/5
(20.0)		 2/17
(11.8)		 2/5
(40.0)		 1/14
(7.1)		 3/55
(5.5)

  • Visual fields

 1/73
(1.4)		 0/1
(0.0)		 0/2
(0.0)		 1/5
(20.0)		 1/16
(6.3)		 1/4
(25.0)		 1/12
(8.3)		 0/53
(0.0)

  • Accommodative reflex

 1/71
(1.4)		 0/18
(0.0)		 0/2
(0.0)		 1/5
(20.0)		 1/15
(6.7)		 1/4
(25.0)		 1/13
(7.7)		 0/52
(0.0)

  • Visual milestone

 2/78
(2.6)		 0/20
(0.0)		 0/2
(0.0)		 1/5
(20.0)		 1/17
(5.9)		 1/5
(20.0)		 1/14
(7.1)		 1/56
(1.8)

a Among 81 children meeting the United States Zika Pregnancy and Infant Registry (USZPIR) eligibility criteria who attended the Zika Health Brigade and charts could be located. USZPIR eligibility criteria included children born between 1 December 2015 and 31 March 2018 in the United States Virgin Islands, to mothers with confirmed or possible recent zika virus (ZIKV) infection as defined by (1) recent ZIKV infection detected by Zika ribonucleic acid nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) on any maternal, placental, fetal, or infant specimen or (2) recent ZIKV or flavivirus infection detected by serologic tests of maternal, fetal, or infant specimen [14]. b Of the 81 children, 3 children were unable to be tested. c At risk for developmental delay defined as delay in fine motor, communication, gross motor, problem solving, personal-social, and/or social-emotional domains based on results of screening using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire −3. d Other neurodevelopmental abnormalities included abnormal tone and/or movement, seizures, and arthrogryposis based on physical examination by a pediatric neurologist. e Confirmed ZIKV infection was defined as either: (1) positive NAAT or 2) positive or equivocal Zika Immunoglobulin M testing and ZIKV plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) ≥ 10 and dengue PRNT < 10.