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. 2020 Dec 13;29(5):457–467. doi: 10.1177/0218492320980936

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© The Author(s) 2020

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits any use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

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Figure 3. — Perivascular tissue protects against distension-induced endothelial damage. Top panel: line drawings of saphenous veins harvested by the conventional technique (CT) in which perivascular tissue has been removed and distension used (-PVT DIST); saphenous vein section with perivascular tissue removed but not distended (-PVT nonDIST); saphenous vein with perivascular tissue intact and distended (+PVT DIST) and no-touch (NT) saphenous vein section with perivascular tissue intact and not distended (+PVT nonDIST). The longitudinal axis represents the density of Western blots in arbitrary units. Lower panel: a histogram showing quantitative measurement (mean of 8 Western blots) for CD31 protein levels, as an indicator of endothelial cell integrity. Immunohistochemistry showing representative CD31 immunostaining in which there is reduced endothelial staining (the arrow shows endothelial denudation with a few intact endothelial cells) in CT saphenous vein compared to all other preparations where the endothelium is virtually intact. CD31 protein shows representative CD31 Western blots for all 4 preparations of SV. β-actin = protein control. Modified from Dashwood et al. Retaining perivascular tissue of human saphenous vein grafts protects against surgical and distension-induced damage and preserves endothelial nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide synthase activity. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009;138:334–40.