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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jun 1.

Published in final edited form as: Inhal Toxicol. 2018 Dec 5;30(9-10):327–334. doi: 10.1080/08958378.2018.1530316

Table 1.

Respiratory morbidity and mortality associated with cigarette smoking, ETS, and air pollution particles

	Smoking	ETS	Air pollution
Respiratory symptoms	Yes [77]	Yes [65,77]	Yes [70]
Lung function decline	Yes [77]	Yes [65,77]	Yes [70]
Asthma – causation	Yes [77]	Yes [65,77]	Yes [70]
Asthma - exacerbation	Yes [77]	Yes [65,77]	Yes [70]
COPD – causation	Yes [77]	No	No
COPD - exacerbation	Yes [77]	Yes [65,77]	Yes [70]
Infections	Yes [77]	Yes [65,77]	Yes [70]
Lung cancer	Yes [77]	Yes [65,77]	Yes [70]