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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Inhal Toxicol. 2018 Dec 5;30(9-10):327–334. doi: 10.1080/08958378.2018.1530316

Table 4.

Fertility problems, changes in pregnancy outcomes, and effects on the newborn associated with cigarette smoking, ETS, and air pollution particles

Smoking ETS Air pollution
Fertility problems Yes [77] No No
Pregnancy outcome Yes [77] Yes [108,109] Yes [110,111]
Effects on the newborn Yes [77] Yes [65,77] Yes [112,113]