Table 5.
Extrapulmonary malignant diseases associated with cigarette smoking, ETS, and air pollution particles
| Smoking | ETS | Air pollution | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Laryngeal/lip/pharyngeal cancer | Yes [77] | No | No |
| Esophageal cancer | Yes [77] | No | No |
| Stomach cancer | Yes [77] | No | No |
| Colon cancer | Yes [77] | No | No |
| Liver cancer | Yes [77] | No | No |
| Pancreatic cancer | Yes [77] | No | No |
| Kidney and bladder cancer | Yes [77] | No | No |
| Leukemia/lymphoma | Yes [77] | No | No |
| Breast cancer | Yes [77] | No | No |
| Cervical cancer | Yes [77] | No | No |
| Endometrial cancer | Yes [77] | No | No |
| Rare cancers | Yes [77] | No | No |
| Cancers of unknown site | Yes [77] | No | No |