Table 5.

Extrapulmonary malignant diseases associated with cigarette smoking, ETS, and air pollution particles

	Smoking	ETS	Air pollution
Laryngeal/lip/pharyngeal cancer	Yes [77]	No	No
Esophageal cancer	Yes [77]	No	No
Stomach cancer	Yes [77]	No	No
Colon cancer	Yes [77]	No	No
Liver cancer	Yes [77]	No	No
Pancreatic cancer	Yes [77]	No	No
Kidney and bladder cancer	Yes [77]	No	No
Leukemia/lymphoma	Yes [77]	No	No
Breast cancer	Yes [77]	No	No
Cervical cancer	Yes [77]	No	No
Endometrial cancer	Yes [77]	No	No
Rare cancers	Yes [77]	No	No
Cancers of unknown site	Yes [77]	No	No