Table 1.

The prevalence of outpatient antibiotic utilization by antibiotic combination situation, economic zone, study setting, and hospital level.

	No. of studies (N)	n/N	Percentage (95% CI) (%)
Antibiotic combination situation (23)
Single use of antibiotic	23	28467/36751	74.8 (68.2-81.3)
Combined use of antibiotic	23	8284/36751	25.2 (18.7-31.8)
Economic zone (35)
Eastern	24	74716/134667	59.8 (49.3-70.2)
Central	4	4363/5244	80.0 (67.2-92.8)
Western	7	5371/8540	70.0 (56.1-83.9)
Study setting (35)
Urban	29	68961/118022	64.1 (54.4-73.8)
Rural	6	15489/30429	63.1 (44.3-82.0)
Hospital level (35)
Level 3	19	61551/103670	64.0 (54.9-73.0)
Level 2	9	14214/33478	57.3 (37.1-77.6)
Level 1	8	8658/11303	71.3 (63.0-79.6)
Study period (33)
2010-2011	15	66803/10992	68.5 (58.5-78.4)
2012-2013	9	10607/22511	54.5 (35.0-74.1)
2014-2015	12	16919/31424	65.2 (49.3-81.1)
2016-2018	7	24033/39501	68.6 (59.0-78.1)
Sample size (35)
≤5000	29	31832/55737	64.8 (53.5-76.1)
>5000	6	52618/92714	57.7 (39.3-76.0)

N: Sample Size; n: Number of Children with Antibiotics; random-effect meta-analysis was used to calculate the overall pooled prevalence of antibiotic utilization. For studies reported different economic zone, study setting, hospital level, study period, sample size, we conducted meta- analysis more than once. Two studies study period was in 2009, therefore, there were 33 studies included subgroup analysis of study period.