TABLE 1.
Characteristics of participants according to quartiles of serum TMAO concentration1
| Quartiles of TMAO | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (n = 957) | Q2 (n = 957) | Q3 (n = 957) | Q4 (n = 956) | P | |
| Age, y | 41.3 ± 13.9 | 45.0 ± 13.2 | 47.2 ± 13.6 | 48.4 ± 13.5 | <0.001 |
| Female | 592 (61.9) | 557 (58.2) | 539 (56.3) | 476 (49.8) | <0.001 |
| Education, y | |||||
| 1–10 | 319 (33.4) | 335 (35.1) | 348 (36.4) | 363 (38.0) | 0.56 |
| 11–12 | 256 (26.8) | 253 (26.5) | 249 (26.0) | 241 (25.2) | |
| >13 | 380 (39.8) | 367 (38.4) | 359 (37.6) | 351 (36.8) | |
| Household yearly income, US$ | |||||
| ≤20,000 | 577 (60.3) | 607 (63.4) | 619 (64.7) | 610 (63.8) | 0.37 |
| 20,001–50,000 | 323 (33.8) | 292 (30.5) | 278 (29.0) | 297 (31.1) | |
| >50,000 | 57 (6.0) | 58 (6.1) | 60 (6.3) | 49 (5.1) | |
| Background | |||||
| Dominican | 122 (12.8) | 96 (10.1) | 98 (10.3) | 63 (6.6) | 0.004 |
| Central American | 84 (8.8) | 91 (9.5) | 104 (10.9) | 109 (11.4) | |
| Cuban | 147 (15.4) | 159 (16.7) | 178 (18.6) | 156 (16.3) | |
| Mexican | 359 (37.7) | 332 (34.8) | 329 (34.4) | 365 (38.2) | |
| Puerto Rican | 148 (15.5) | 190 (19.9) | 157 (16.4) | 180 (18.8) | |
| South American | 61 (6.4) | 52 (5.5) | 58 (6.1) | 57 (6.0) | |
| Other/more than one | 32 (3.4) | 34 (3.6) | 32 (3.3) | 25 (2.6) | |
| Smoking | |||||
| Never | 615 (64.3) | 584 (61.0) | 534 (55.8) | 507 (53.1) | <0.001 |
| Former | 161 (16.8) | 182 (19.0) | 196 (20.5) | 213 (22.3) | |
| Current | 180 (18.8) | 191 (20.0) | 227 (23.7) | 234 (24.5) | |
| Alcohol consumption, g/d | 3.3 ± 16.0 | 2.7 ± 12.1 | 3.7 ± 15.7 | 4.2 ± 16.0 | 0.09 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.0 ± 6.1 | 29.7 ± 6.1 | 30.2 ± 6.1 | 30.1 ± 5.8 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity, MET-min/d | 638.9 ± 935.2 | 625.9 ± 974.2 | 625.4 ± 954.6 | 659.8 ± 1059.2 | 0.66 |
| Total energy intake, kcal/d | 1978.5 ± 993.3 | 1977.0 ± 966.5 | 2023.2 ± 1030.1 | 2069.2 ± 1119.1 | 0.03 |
| Diabetes | 138 (14.4) | 141 (14.7) | 201 (21.0) | 267 (27.9) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 201 (21.0) | 239 (25.0) | 301 (31.5) | 333 (34.8) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 343 (35.8) | 365 (38.2) | 377 (39.4) | 418 (43.8) | 0.004 |
1
Data are mean ± SD, or n (%). P values were calculated from the 1-factor ANOVA for continuous variables and χ2 test for categorical variables. MET, metabolic equivalent task; Q, quartile; TMAO, trimethylamine-N-oxide.