TABLE 2.
Concentrations of choline metabolites measured by MRS and MS1
| Concentration | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metabolite | Diet | All2 | Premenopausal female | Postmenopausal female | Male |
| MRS-tCho, mM | LC | 7.80 ± 4.20 | 8.83 ± 4.46 | 8.10 ± 3.80 | 5.36 ± 3.25 |
| MC | 7.99 ± 5.02 | 8.78 ± 5.30 | 7.81 ± 4.78 | 6.66 ± 4.97 | |
| HC | 9.83 ± 4.61 | 10.42 ± 2.92 | 12.15 ± 6.45 | 6.38 ± 3.17 | |
| d0-choline at 6 h, μM | LC | 8.12 ± 2.07 | 7.40 ± 1.61 | 8.77 ± 2.53 | 9.09 ± 2.33 |
| MC | 9.26 ± 2.69 | 8.21 ± 2.29 | 10.70 ± 3.09 | 10.21 ± 2.42 | |
| HC | 10.41 ± 2.84 | 9.30 ± 1.79 | 11.85 ± 3.22 | 11.26 ± 3.70 | |
| d9-choline at 6 h, μM | LC | 0.08 ± 0.13 | 0.06 ± 0.13 | 0.11 ± 0.16 | 0.08 ± 0.09 |
| MC | 0.09 ± 0.13 | 0.08 ± 0.13 | 0.12 ± 0.15 | 0.09 ± 0.10 | |
| HC | 0.12 ± 0.14 | 0.10 ± 0.14 | 0.14 ± 0.17 | 0.11 ± 0.11 | |
| IER-choline at 6 h | LC | 0.0497 ± 0.0175 | 0.0520 ± 0.0202 | 0.0454 ± 0.0133 | 0.0472 ± 0.0152 |
| MC | 0.0513 ± 0.0168 | 0.0536 ± 0.0195 | 0.0487 ± 0.0127 | 0.0488 ± 0.0144 | |
| HC | 0.0509 ± 0.0152 | 0.0545 ± 0.0175 | 0.0464 ± 0.0127 | 0.0476 ± 0.0121 | |
| d0-betaine at 24 h, μM | LC | 38.14 ± 11.77 | 32.83 ± 11.23 | 39.29 ± 6.85 | 49.30 ± 7.81 |
| MC | 43.90 ± 13.69 | 37.08 ± 12.70 | 45.49 ± 6.53 | 56.25 ± 11.05 | |
| HC | 56.89 ± 18.75 | 50.59 ± 19.67 | 57.44 ± 13.13 | 71.25 ± 14.51 | |
| d9-betaine at 24 h, μM | LC | 1.34 ± 0.45 | 1.29 ± 0.51 | 1.27 ± 0.37 | 1.52 ± 0.35 |
| MC | 1.44 ± 0.43 | 1.35 ± 0.49 | 1.44 ± 0.30 | 1.60 ± 0.35 | |
| HC | 1.71 ± 0.55 | 1.72 ± 0.60 | 1.57 ± 0.45 | 1.87 ± 0.50 | |
| IER-betaine at 24 h | LC | 0.0343 ± 0.0075 | 0.0375 ± 0.0078 | 0.0311 ± 0.0068 | 0.0299 ± 0.0041 |
| MC | 0.0324 ± 0.0069 | 0.0354 ± 0.0069 | 0.0310 ± 0.0069 | 0.0277 ± 0.0033 | |
| HC | 0.0299 ± 0.0065 | 0.0337 ± 0.0058 | 0.0264 ± 0.0048 | 0.0256 ± 0.0045 | |
| d0-PtdCho at 24 h, μM | LC | 2175 ± 354 | 2138 ± 347 | 2390 ± 329 | 2099 ± 378 |
| MC | 2228 ± 471 | 2082 ± 356 | 2615 ± 529 | 2209 ± 497 | |
| HC | 2228 ± 493 | 2104 ± 419 | 2612 ± 532 | 2152 ± 510 | |
| d9-PtdCho at 24 h, μM | LC | 28.25 ± 8.19 | 27.79 ± 8.22 | 30.40 ± 12.69 | 27.82 ± 4.62 |
| MC | 27.42 ± 8.88 | 24.94 ± 8.05 | 32.92 ± 10.95 | 27.98 ± 7.30 | |
| HC | 25.67 ± 5.64 | 25.43 ± 5.28 | 28.94 ± 5.43 | 23.43 ± 6.14 | |
| IER-PtdCho at 24 h, μM | LC | 0.0129 ± 0.0032 | 0.0129 ± 0.0035 | 0.0125 ± 0.0044 | 0.0132 ± 0.0017 |
| MC | 0.0122 ± 0.0030 | 0.0119 ± 0.0030 | 0.0126 ± 0.0040 | 0.0126 ± 0.0023 | |
| HC | 0.0115 ± 0.0021 | 0.0121 ± 0.0022 | 0.0112 ± 0.0020 | 0.0108 ± 0.0018 | |
Values are mean ± SD. Metabolites were measured by single-voxel MRS (liver; soluble choline species at 72 h after the d9-choline bolus) or by MS (plasma; choline at 6 h postbolus, betaine and PtdCho at 24 h postbolus), from study participants on LCs, MCs, or HCs. d0, 1H9-(methyl) labeled; d9, 2H9-(methyl) labeled; HC, high-choline diet; IER, isotopic enrichment ratio; LC, low-choline diet; MC, medium-choline diet; MRS, magnetic resonance spectroscopy; PtdCho, phosphatidylcholine; tCho, total soluble choline species.
For MRS: n (all) = 37 (LC), 34 (MC), 32 (HC); n (premenopausal female) = 21 (LC), 17 (MC), 17 (HC); n (postmenopausal female) = 6 (LC), 8 (MC), 8 (HC); n (male) = 9 (LC), 9 (MC), 6 (HC). For MS: n (all) = 39 (LC), 38 (MC), 37 (HC); n (premenopausal female) = 21 (LC), 20 (MC), 19 (HC); n (postmenopausal female) = 7 (LC), 8 (MC), 8 (HC); n (male) = 10 (LC), 10 (MC), 9 (HC). Data for the single perimenopausal female are included in “All” but not listed separately.