TABLE 4.
Strength and physical performance1
| Change from PRE | Estimated between-group difference vs. CON at POST, mean (95% CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PRE | MID2 | POST2 | P | ||
| Handgrip strength, kg | |||||
| CON3 | 31.7 ± 10.3 | −0.1 ± 3.2 | 0.5 ± 3.5 | ||
| LEU-PRO4 | 30.3 ± 10.2 | 0.6 ± 2.9 | 1.0 ± 3.1 | 0.5 (−1.4, 2.3) | 0.61 |
| LEU-PRO+n–35 | 27.3 ± 10.3 | −0.2 ± 3.8 | 0.0 ± 3.3 | −0.8 (−2.6, 1.0) | 0.40 |
| Isometric knee extension peak torque, Nm | |||||
| CON3 | 134.1 ± 44.9 | 0.3 ± 17.6 | 3.7 ± 17.9 | ||
| LEU-PRO4 | 126.7 ± 50.0 | 2.2 ± 23.7 | 8.7 ± 23.7 | 4.9 (−5.8, 15.5) | 0.37 |
| LEU-PRO+n–36 | 125.4 ± 55.1 | −2.0 ± 18.4 | −1.1 ± 25.5 | −6.5 (−16.8, 3.9) | 0.22 |
| Isokinetic knee extension peak torque at 60°/s, Nm | |||||
| CON3 | 91.8 ± 33.8 | −1.6 ± 14.6 | −2.6 ± 16.0 | ||
| LEU-PRO7 | 86.4 ± 31.1 | −0.1 ± 13.0 | −0.1 ± 18.2 | 2.4 (−5.3, 10.0) | 0.55 |
| LEU-PRO+n–38 | 84.2 ± 40.3 | 0.1 ± 12.0 | −2.6 ± 13.3 | 0.1 (−7.4, 7.5) | 0.99 |
| Isokinetic knee extension peak torque at 120°/s, Nm | |||||
| CON3 | 67.4 ± 24.8 | −1.3 ± 11.0 | 1.9 ± 11.7 | ||
| LEU-PRO7 | 62.3 ± 25.7 | −0.1 ± 15.1 | −0.6 ± 13.4 | −2.0 (−8.5, 4.6) | 0.56 |
| LEU-PRO+n–38 | 63.8 ± 30.7 | −3.0 ± 9.6 | −2.2 ± 12.6 | −3.2 (−9.6, 3.2) | 0.32 |
| Isometric knee flexion peak torque, Nm | |||||
| CON9 | 47.9 ± 17.2 | 0.8 ± 11.8 | 4.0 ± 9.3 | ||
| LEU-PRO10 | 48.0 ± 17.9 | −0.5 ± 10.0 | 1.2 ± 10.1 | −2.8 (−8.3, 2.8)0.320.32 | 0.32 |
| LEU-PRO+n–311 | 45.8 ± 22.0 | −1.1 ± 8.7 | −2.8 ± 11.6 | −7.1 (−12.5, −1.8) | <0.01 |
| SPPB score | |||||
| CON3 | 10.7 ± 1.6 | 0.3 ± 0.9 | 0.3 ± 0.9 | ||
| LEU-PRO12 | 11.1 ± 1.0 | 0.4 ± 1.2 | −0.1 ± 1.4 | −0.1 (−0.6, 0.4) | 0.75 |
| LEU-PRO+n–36 | 10.7 ± 1.3 | 0.0 ± 1.3 | −0.1 ± 1.1 | −0.3 (−0.8, 0.2) | 0.29 |
| Gait speed, m/s | |||||
| CON13 | 0.76 ± 0.17 | −0.02 ± 0.10 | −0.04 ± 0.08 | ||
| LEU-PRO12 | 0.72 ± 0.12 | 0.00 ± 0.08 | 0.00 ± 0.10 | 0.03 (−0.02, 0.08) | 0.25 |
| LEU-PRO+n–314 | 0.77 ± 0.17 | 0.00 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.11 | 0.04 (−0.01, 0.09) | 0.08 |
| FTSTS, s | |||||
| CON15 | 12.2 ± 2.3 | −0.6 ± 2.0 | −0.1 ± 1.8 | ||
| LEU-PRO16 | 11.6 ± 2.6 | −0.2 ± 2.4 | 0.7 ± 2.8 | 0.7 (−0.5, 1.9) | 0.25 |
| LEU-PRO+n–317 | 12.2 ± 3.1 | −0.2 ± 2.4 | 1.1 ± 2.5 | 1.0 (−0.2, 2.2) | 0.09 |
| TUG, s | |||||
| CON18 | 7.0 ± 1.3 | 0.0 ± 0.8 | 0.0 ± 0.8 | ||
| LEU-PRO4 | 6.7 ± 1.0 | 0.2 ± 0.8 | 0.3 ± 1.0 | 0.3 (−0.2, 0.7) | 0.27 |
| LEU-PRO+n–319 | 7.0 ± 1.4 | 0.2 ± 1.1 | 0.3 ± 0.9 | 0.2 (−0.3, 0.6) | 0.42 |
| Single-leg standing balance, s | |||||
| CON20 | 26.3 ± 23.6 | 2.0 ± 13.1 | 0.8 ± 13.6 | ||
| LEU-PRO4 | 26.2 ± 19.1 | 7.6 ± 16.8 | 3.1 ± 15.7 | 1.5 (−6.5, 9.5) | 0.71 |
| LEU-PRO+n–321 | 28.0 ± 21.5 | 8.2 ± 17.4 | 6.5 ± 16.1 | 4.4 (−3.5, 12.3) | 0.27 |
PRE value, change from PRE-to-MID and change from PRE-to-POST values are means ± SDs. Data represent the total cohort and were analyzed by an intention-to-treat approach using a linear mixed model with group (CON, LEU-PRO, LEU-PRO+n–3), time (MID, POST) and the group-by-time interaction as fixed factors; participants as a random factor; and PRE value as a covariate. Estimated between-group differences represent LEU-PRO − CON and LEU-PRO+n–3 − CON at POST and are derived from the linear mixed model and adjusted for PRE value. CON, control; FTSTS, 5 times sit-to-stand; LEU-PRO, leucine-enriched protein; LEU-PRO+n–3, leucine-enriched protein plus long-chain n–3 PUFAs; MID, mid-intervention; POST, postintervention; PRE, preintervention; SPPB, Short Physical Performance Battery; TUG, Timed Up-and-Go.
PRE-to-MID changes represent participants with both PRE and MID data, PRE-to-POST changes represent participants with both PRE and POST data.
PRE n = 31, MID n = 28, POST n = 25.
PRE n = 36, MID n = 28, POST n = 28.
PRE n = 36, MID n = 32, POST n = 30.
PRE n = 36, MID n = 33, POST n = 31.
PRE n = 36, MID n = 28, POST n = 27.
PRE n = 36, MID n = 33, POST n = 30.
PRE n = 29, MID n = 27, POST n = 24.
PRE n = 35, MID n = 28, POST n = 28.
PRE n = 36, MID n = 32, POST n = 31.
PRE n = 36, MID n = 29, POST n = 28.
PRE n = 30, MID n = 26, POST n = 24.
PRE n = 36, MID n = 29, POST n = 31.
PRE n = 30, MID n = 26, POST n = 23.
PRE n = 35, MID n = 29, POST n = 28.
PRE n = 35, MID n = 28, POST n = 31.
PRE n = 30, MID n = 27, POST n = 24.
PRE n = 35, MID n = 31, POST n = 31.
PRE n = 30, MID n = 27, POST n = 34.
PRE n = 36, MID n = 31, POST n = 30.