Figure 4.

(a) MPC-based polymer coating on HA disks to prevent the attachment of proteins and oral bacteria and SEM images of noncoated, PMP50-coated, and PMPC-coated surfaces of HA disks. Reprinted with permission from [69]. Copyright (2016) Elsevier. (b) Bacterial adhesion effect of HA surface with and without immobilization of zwitterionic PEP: the proposed mechanism of PEP-PC. The CLSM biofilm structure in top and side views of Streptococcus mutans on HA and PEP-PC-immobilized HA (scale bar = 10 µm). Reprinted with permission from [70]. Copyright (2019) CSJ. MPC, 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine; HA, hydroxyapatite; PEP-PC, phosphorylcholine with a polyphosphoester copolymer; SEM, scanning electron microscopy; CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscopy