Table 3.
The association between road traffic noise and systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and self-reported hypertension, stratified by high blood pressure medication intake
| Noise exposure, L den | N | Model 3—further adjusted for antihypertensive medication, % change (95% CI) | N | Model 3—restricted to subjects with antihypertensive medication, % change (95% CI) | N | Model 3—restricted to subjects without antihypertensive medication, % change (95% CI) | P Interaction* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 178 409 | 43 384 | 135 025 | |||||
| Low (≤55 dB[A]) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| Low–medium (>55 to ≤60 dB[A]) | 0.09 (−0.02, 0.21) | 0.16 (−0.08, 0.41) | 0.09 (−0.04, 0.22) | 0.00 (+) | ||||
| Medium–high (>60 to ≤65 dB[A]) | 0.25 (0.02, 0.15) | 0.60 (0.11, 1.11) | 0.13 (−0.13, 0.39) | 0.00 (+) | ||||
| High (>65 dB[A]) | 0.75 (0.51, 0.99) | 0.75 (0.23, 1.26) | 0.73 (0.47, 1.00) | 0.00 (+) | ||||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 178 238 | 43 346 | 134 892 | |||||
| Low (≤55 dB[A]) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| Low–medium (>55 to ≤60 dB[A]) | 0.00 (−0.11, 0.11) | 0.03 (−0.21, 0.27) | 0.01 (−0.12, 0.15) | 0.10 (−) | ||||
| Medium–high (>60 to ≤65 dB[A]) | −0.02 (−0.25, 0.20) | 0.00 (−0.59, 0.49) | −0.06 (−0.31, 0.20) | 0.87 (−) | ||||
| High (>65 dB[A]) | 0.51 (0.27, 0.75) | 0.64 (0.14, 1.16) | 0.44 (0.17, 0.71) | 0.64 (−) | ||||
|
| ||||||||
| Noise exposure, L den | Model 3—further adjusted for antihypertensive medication, odds ratio (95% CI) | Model 3—restricted to subjects with antihypertensive medication, odds ratio (95% CI) | Model 3—restricted to subjects without antihypertensive medication, odds ratio (95% CI) | P Interaction | ||||
|
| ||||||||
| Self-reported hypertension | 193 911 | 47 284 | 146 625 | |||||
| Low (≤55 dB[A]) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| Low–medium (>55 to ≤60 dB[A]) | 1.02 (0.98, 1.05) | 0.99 (0.92, 1.05) | 1.03 (0.99, 1.06) | 0.00 (+) | ||||
| Medium–high (>60 to ≤65 dB[A]) | 1.06 (0.99, 1.13) | 1.00 (0.88, 1.14) | 1.07 (1.00, 1.15) | 0.00 (+) | ||||
| High (>65 dB[A]) | 0.97 (0.91, 1.04) | 0.89 (0.78, 1.02) | 0.99 (0.93, 1.07) | 0.00 (+) | ||||
| Continuous L den, per 1 dB[A] | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 0.99 (0.99, 1.00) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 0.00 (+) | ||||
Model 3: fully adjusted model (Model 2) + adjusted for NO2. P interaction*: interaction between road traffic noise (L den) and high blood pressure medication; sign in the bracket indicates the direction of the interaction term. Bold represents significance at P < 0.05.
CI, confidence interval.