Table 1.
Summary of basic study characteristics
| Author (year) | Study design | Country, recruitment setting | Diabetes type |
No. participants |
Mean age of participants (years) | Male participants (%) | Intervention group | Comparison group | MBI protocol | Assessment time points | Outcomes | ITT analysis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Hartmann et al., (2012); Kopf et al., (2014) |
2‐arm RCT | Germany, outpatient clinic | Type 2 |
Total: 110 IG: 53 CG: 57 |
Total: not reported IG: 68.7 CG: 59.3 |
Total: 78.2% IG: 75.5% CG: 80.7% |
MBSR | usual care | once weekly over 8 weeks, followed by one booster session after 6 months | Baseline, Postintervention, 1‐year, 2‐year, and 3‐year follow up | Depression (PHQ‐9), Stress (PHQ‐9), HbA1c | Yes |
| Jung et al., (2015) | 3‐arm RCT | South Korea, outpatient clinics | Type 2 |
Total: 84 IG: 28 CG1: 28 CG2: 28 |
Total: 66.27 IG: 67.00 CG1: 63.33 CG2: 68.47 |
Total: 48.2% IG: 47.6% CG1: 50% CG2: 47.1% |
MBSR |
CG1: walking group CG2: patient education group |
twice per week for 8 weeks and learned 8 K‐MBSR themes. Each theme was introduced and practiced twice in 1 week. Each theme lasted between 60–120 min. | Baseline, Postintervention |
Stress (Diabetes Distress Scale) |
No |
|
Miller et al., (2012); Miller et al., (2014) |
2‐arm RCT | USA, not specified | Type 2 |
Total: 68 IG:32 CG:36 |
Total: Not reported IG: 53.9 CG: 54.0 |
Total:36.6% IG:37.0% CG:36.0% |
Mindful Eating Intervention |
Smart Choices DSME–based intervention | eight weekly and 2 biweekly 2.5‐h sessions, and meditation with a compact disc 6 days/week and to practice mini‐meditations before meals | Baseline, Postintervention, 3 months follow up | Depression (BDI‐II), anxiety (Beck Anxiety Inventory), HbA1c | No |
| Nathan et al., (2017) | 2‐arm RCT | Canada, endocrine and diabetes center, community | Type 1 or type 2 |
Total: 66 IG: 33 CG: 33 |
Total: 59.7 IG: 59.7 CG: 59.8 |
Total: 44.0% IG: 50.0% CG: 37.5% |
MBSR | wait‐list control | 8 weekly, 2.5‐h sessions and 1 6‐h session on a weekend day midway through the course. | Baseline, at the time of randomization, 2 weeks, 3 months | depression (PHQ‐9), stress (PSS), HbA1c | No |
| Pearson et al., (2018) | 2‐arm RCT | Australia, outpatient clinics | Type 2 |
Total: 74 IG: 38 CG: 36 |
Total: Not reported IG: 57.5 CG: 61.1 |
Total:53.7% IG: 38.7% CG: 66.7% |
A novel approach to delivering a mindfulness‐based intervention | usual care | 30 min a day over 8 weeks to listen to the audio compact disc guided mindfulness | Baseline, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks | Depression (DASS‐21), Anxiety (DASS‐21), stress (DASS‐21), distress (PAID), HbA1c | Yes |
| Schroevers et al., (2015) | 2‐arm Pilot RCT | the Netherlands, outpatient clinic | Type 1 or type 2 |
Total:24 IG: 12 CG:12 |
Total: Not reported IG: 54.9 CG:55.9 |
Total: 58% IG: 58% CG: 58% |
individual MBCT | wait‐list control |
eight weekly individual sessions of 60 min |
Baseline, Postintervention, 3 months after the intervention | Depression (CES‐D), distress (PAID), | Yes |
| Tovote et al., (2014) | 3‐arm RCT | the Netherlands, outpatient clinics | Type 1 or type 2 |
Total:94 IG: 31 CG1: 32 CG2: 31 |
Total: 53.1 IG: 49.8 CG1: 54.6 CG2: 54.7 |
Total: 51% IG: 55% CG1: 50% CG2: 48% |
MBCT |
CG1: cognitive behavior therapy CG2: waiting‐list control |
eight weekly sessions of 45–60 min | Baseline, Postintervention (on average, 3 months after the first assessment) | Depression (BDI‐II), Anxiety (GAD‐7), distress (PAID), HbA1c | Yes |
|
van Son et al., (2013); van Son et al., (2014) |
2‐arm RCT |
the Netherlands, outpatient clinics |
Type 1 or type 2 |
Total:139 IG: 70 CG: 69 |
Total: Not reported IG: 56 CG: 57 |
Total: 50.4% IG: 47% CG: 54% |
MBCT + MBSR | wait‐list control | 8 weekly 2‐h sessions, a 2‐h booster session was added 3 months after the end of the intervention | Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks and 6 months follow up | Depression (HADS), Anxiety (HADS), Stress (PSS), Distress (PAID), HbA1c | Yes |
Total n = 8; 11 reports. BDI‐II, Beck Depression Inventory‐II; CES‐D, Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; CG, comparison group; DASS‐21, the 21‐item Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale; DSME, Diabetes Self‐Management Education; GAD‐7, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7; HADS, The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; IG, intervention group; ITT analysis, intention‐to‐treat analysis; K‐MBSR, Korean Mindfulness‐Based Stress Reduction; MBCT, Mindfulness‐Based Cognitive Therapy; MBSR, Mindfulness‐Based Stress Reduction; PAID, Problem Areas in Diabetes Survey; PHQ‐9, Patient Health Questionnaire; PSS, Perceived Stress Scale; RCT, Randomized Controlled Trial.