Table 3.

Subgroup analyses by various exclusion for glycosylated hemoglobin, depression and stress

Outcome	No. studies	Pooled effect estimates		Heterogeneity
		SMD (95% CI)	P‐value	I 2	PQ
Baseline HbA1c
HbA1c
<8%	4	–0.26 † (−0.47, −0.05)	0.01	0%	0.77
≥8%	3	–0.22 † (−0.57, 0.13)	0.22	0%	0.66
Depression
<8%	3	–0.67(−0.87, −0.46)	<0.00001	0%	0.73
≥8%	5	–0.49(−0.98, −0.01)	0.05	73%	0.006
Stress
<8%	5	–0.55(−0.84, −0.27)	0.0002	60%	0.06
≥8%	2	–0.57(−1.17, 0.04)	0.06	65%	0.09
Baseline psychological status
HbA1c
Without psychological disorder	5	–0.30 † (−0.52, −0.08)	0.007	0%	0.86
With psychological disorder	2	–0.15 † (−0.46, 0.16)	0.34	0%	0.75
Depression
Without psychological disorder	4	–0.37(−0.85, −0.10)	0.13	74%	0.009
With psychological disorder	4	–0.72(−0.93, −0.51)	<0.00001	0%	0.69
Stress
Without psychological disorder	5	–0.37(−0.60, −0.15)	0.001	13%	0.33
With psychological disorder	2	–0.79(−1.04, −0.55)	<0.00001	0%	0.97
Duration of follow up
HbA1c
<6 months	4	–0.21 † (−0.48, 0.06)	0.13	0%	0.84
≥6 months	3	–0.28 † (−0.52, −0.04)	0.006	0%	0.60
Depression
<6 months	6	–0.53(−0.91, −0.15)	0.006	69%	0.007
≥6 months	2	–0.65(−0.90, −0.39)	<0.00001	0%	0.45
Stress
<6 months	4	–0.58(−0.91, −0.26)	0.0004	44%	0.14
≥6 months	3	–0.47(−0.82, −0.12)	0.009	62%	0.07

Standardized mean difference was used for pooled effect estimates unless otherwise indicated.

^†Mean difference was used for pooled effect estimates. CI, confidence interval; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; SMD, standardized mean difference.