Table 1.
Nuclear number and ploidy and mechanism of various cell types
| Cell type (species) | Organ system | Predominant nuclear number and ploidy per nucleus (C) | Mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germline cyst (female mouse) | Reproductive | Up to 25 × 1C | Incomplete cytokinesis | (Lei and Spradling 2016) |
| Germline cyst (female fruit fly) | Reproductive | 16 × 1C | Incomplete cytokinesis | (Lei and Spradling 2016) |
| Cardiomyocyte (pig) | Cardiovascular | 8 × 2C | Incomplete cytokinesis | (Velayutham et al. 2020) |
| Cardiomyocyte (mouse) | Cardiovascular | 2 × 2C | Incomplete cytokinesis | (Soonpaa et al. 1996) |
| Cardiomyocyte (human) | Cardiovascular | 1 × 4C and 2 × 2C | Incomplete cytokinesis or endocycle | (Brodsky et al. 1992; Hesse et al. 2012; Mollova et al. 2013; Bergmann et al. 2015) |
| Osteoclast (chicken) | Skeletal | 4 × 2C | Cell–cell fusion | (Piper et al. 1992) |
| Macrophage granuloma (human) | Lymphatic | 2 × 2C and 1 × 4C | Incomplete cytokinesis or endocycle | (Herrtwich et al. 2016) |
| Myocyte (mouse) | Muscular | ~ 220 × 2C (extensor digitorum longus) | Cell–cell fusion | (Hansson et al. 2020) |
| Myocyte (fruit fly) | Muscular | 10–15 × 32C (ventral longitudinal muscles 3 and 4) | Cell–cell fusion, endocycle | (Windner et al. 2019) |
| Megakaryocyte (human, rat) | Cardiovascular | 1 × 8C, 1 × 16C, 1 × 32C | Incomplete cytokinesis and incomplete karyokinesis | (Odell et al. 1976; Brown et al. 1997; Lordier et al. 2008) |
| Hepatocyte (human) | Digestive | 1 × 2C, 2 × 2C, 2 × 4C, 1 × 4C, 1 × 8C | Incomplete cytokinesis or endocycle | (Kudryavtsev et al. 1993) |
| Rectal papillar cells (fruit fly) | Digestive | 100 × 8C | Endocycle, cytoplasm-sharing | (Fox et al. 2010; Schoenfelder et al. 2014; Peterson et al. 2020) |
| Syncytiotrophoblast (human) | Extraembryonic | up to 6 × 10^10 × 2C | Cell–cell fusion | (Simpson et al. 1992) |
| Trophoblast giant cells (mouse) | Extraembryonic | Up to 1 × 512–1024C | Endocycle | (Barlow and Sherman 1972; MacAuley et al. 1998) |
| Salivary gland (fruit fly) | Digestive | 1 × 512–1024C | Endocycle | (Hammond and Laird 1985) |
|
Subperineurial glia (fruit fly) |
Nervous | 1–4 × 4–32C | Incomplete cytokinesis or endocycle | (Unhavaithaya and Orr-Weaver 2012; Von Stetina et al. 2018) |