Kashyap 2014.

Study characteristics
Methods	Design: retrospective cohort Setting: community Country: Canada Duration of follow‐up: 1 year Covariates controlled for: None.
Participants	Participants numbers: 102 Population type: older adults Sex: 84% women (86) Age (mean): 72 years
Prognostic factors	Anticholinergic burden measurement method: DBI‐ach scale; ACB scale; ADS scale; ARS scale
Outcomes	Outcomes assessed: MCI; cognitive decline Outcome ascertainment MCI: independent clinical assessment via expert Outcome ascertainment cognitive decline: neuropsychological tests and an MoCA Diagnostic criteria MCI: DSM‐5 criteria for a mild neurocognitive disorder. Diagnostic criteria cognitive decline: 3 different ways: worsening in the raw neuropsychological test scores for each test; a change in scores on each test that exceeded an expected cut‐off based on the test–retest reliable change index; and a change in scores on each test that persisted when regression to the mean, practice effects, and age were accounted for using the standardised regression‐based measure method
Source of funding	Canadian Institutes of Health Research
Notes
Item	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Study participation	Unclear	Report on age and sex but did not report which comorbidities they measured.
Study attrition	Unclear	No comparison with missing data. Did not describe the proportion or potential impact of loss to follow‐up.
Prognostic factor measurement	Yes	Established by patient self‐report. Validated by nurse checking medication box. Recorded frequency, adherence, and dosage.
Outcome measurement	Unclear	There was blinding to the mild neurocognitive disorder diagnosis but not to the change in cognition evaluation; retrospective anticholinergic burden determination.
Study confounding	No	Only conducted univariate analysis. No confounders adjusted for.
Reverse causation	No	No time restriction on anticholinergic burden measurement (anticholinergic burden measured at baseline then again at 12 months – combined measures and used 'increase in anticholinergic burden' as the independent variable.
Statistical analysis and reporting	No	No multivariate analysis conducted.