Table 1.
Participant characteristics by diabetes status
| Control | T1D | P value | |
| N | 55 | 129 | – |
| Age (years) | 43±13 | 47±12 | 0.054 |
| Women | 23 (42) | 53 (41) | 1 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | – | 26±11 | – |
| Normoalbuminuria | – | 100 (77) | – |
| Microalbuminuria | – | 5 (4) | – |
| Macroalbuminuria | – | 24 (19) | – |
| Urine albumin:creatinine ratio (mg/g creatinine) | – | 0.8 (0.3–5.3) | – |
| Non-smokers | 35 (80) | 114 (91) | 0.074 |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 25.1±3.6 | 26.6±4.4 | 0.027 |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 59±8 | 65±12 | 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 125±14 | 132±17 | 0.008 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 62±9 | 78±9 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (% (mmol/mol)) | 5±0 (33±2) | 8±3 (64±12) | – |
| Hemoglobin (mmol/L) | 8.9±0.8 | 8.4±1.3 | 0.012 |
| Creatinine (µmol/L) | 78±14 | 77±32 | 0.763 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.8±0.9 | 4.6±0.8 | 0.131 |
| Baroreflex sensitivity (ms/mm Hg) | 13 (8–18) | 9 (5–15) | 0.003 |
Data are presented as n (%), mean±SD and median (quartile 1–quartile 3). Categorical data were analyzed with χ2 test and Fisher’s exact test when appropriate. Quantitative data were analyzed with Student’s t-test. Normoalbuminuria was defined as urine albumin of <30 mg/24 hours or <30 mg/g creatinine in two out of three consecutive measurements. Microalbuminuria was defined as urine albumin between 30 and 300 mg/24 hours or between 30 and 300 mg/g creatinine in two out of three consecutive measurements, and macroalbuminuria was defined as urine albumin of >300 mg/24 hours or >300 mg/g creatinine in two out of three consecutive measurements.
HbA1C, hemoglobin A1c; T1D, type 1 diabetes mellitus.