Table 2.
Diagnostic categories and specific subcategories
| Primary diagnostic category & specific subtypesa,b | Age 0–4 years, no. (%) | Age 5–11 years, no. (%) | Age 12–17 years, no. (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amblyopia, allowing strabismus <10 PD | 37 (100) | 103 (100) | 31 (100) |
| Anisometropic | 22 (59) | 49 (48) | 13 (42) |
| Strabismic | 7 (19) | 13 (13) | 1 (3) |
| Combined mechanism | 8 (22) | 38 (37) | 16 (52) |
| Bilateral | 0 (0) | 3 (3) | 1 (3) |
| Cataract/lens, allowing secondary glaucoma, strabismus, amblyopia, and nystagmus | 42 (100) | 44 (100) | 13 (100) |
| Cataract | 17 (40) | 7 (16) | 5 (38) |
| Pseudophakic/aphakic | 22 (52) | 36 (82) | 7 (54) |
| Subluxated (Marfan) | 3 (7) | 1 (2) | 1 (8) |
| Cornea/conjunctiva,c allowing coexistent strabismus, amblyopia, sensory nystagmus, and mild ptosis | 6 (100) | 7 (100) | 7 (100) |
| Cerebral visual impairment/visual field loss, allowing coexistent nystagmus, strabismus, optic atrophy, retinopathy of prematurity, and ptosis | 21 (100) | 17 (100) | 12 (100) |
| Eyelid, allowing coexistent amblyopia (strabismus, orbital conditions excluded) | 16 (100) | 12 (100) | 7 (100) |
| Ptosis | 12 (75) | 8 (67) | 2 (29) |
| Lid-otherd | 4 (25) | 4 (33) | 5 (71) |
| Glaucoma, allowing secondary cataract, strabismus, amblyopia, and mild ptosis | 6 (100) | 10 (100) | 8 (100) |
| Nystagmus, allowing coexistent strabismus, amblyopia, mild optic nerve hypoplasia, mild cataract and regressed retinopathy of prematurity | 23 (100) | 21 (100) | 13 (100) |
| Orbital,e allowing secondary strabismus, amblyopia, and sequelae of microphthalmia. | 7 (100) | 6 (100) | 6 (100) |
| Pupil / iris,f allowing secondary amblyopia. | 7 (100) | 0 | 0 |
| Refractive error, no other diagnoses allowed (no amblyopia or strabismus) | 16 (100) | 55 (100) | 48 (100) |
| Retina/optic nerve, allowing coexistent strabismus, amblyopia, nystagmus, cataract, and glaucoma | 28 (100) | 26 (100) | 28 (100) |
| Acquired | 9 (32) | 6 (23) | 10 (36) |
| Congenital | 12 (43) | 11 (42) | 2 (7) |
| Inherited retinal dystrophy | 7 (25) | 9 (35) | 16 (57) |
| Strabismus | 137 (100) | 133 (100) | 62 (100) |
| Allowing coexistent amblyopia if angle >10 PD | |||
| Esotropia | 87 (64) | 65 (49) | 26 (42) |
| Exotropia | 39 (28) | 46 (35) | 23 (37) |
| Hypertropia | 11 (8) | 22 (17) | 13 (21) |
| Uveitis, allowing coexistent strabismus, amblyopia, uveitic cataract, and uveitic alaucoma | 0 | 6 (100) | 16 (100) |
PD, prism diopter.
Assigned based on review of the medical record to reflect primary (original) eye condition.
Coexistent refractive error allowed for all diagnostic categories.
Specific diagnoses for cornea were: corneal opacity/scar (5), corneal ulcer (1), epithelial defect (1), keratoconus (1), megalocornea (1), Peter’s anomaly (5), posterior polymorphous dystrophy (1), Schnyder’s corneal dystrophy (1), sclerocornea (2), pigmented caruncular lesion (1), and severe conjuntivitis (1).
Specific other lid diagnoses were: chronic chalazia (4), cleft lid (1), dermoid cyst (1), epiblepharon (1), herpes simplex virus (1), lagophthalmos (2), lid nodule (1), and staphyloma (2).
Specific orbital diagnoses were: cherubism (1), craniosynostosis (2), hemangioma (6), microphthalmos (3), orbital floor fracture (1), orbital mass (3), and ocular prothesis (3).
Specific pupil / iris diagnoses were: ectopic pupil (2), iris coloboma (1), iris flocculi (1), and pupillary membrane (3).