Figure 1. Co-constructive patient simulation model.

Co-constructive patient simulation phases: I. Clinical encounter between clinician [CL] and patient [PT]; II. Reflection. CL reflects back on the index encounter(s) and starts developing a script; III. Script writing. CL finalizes the script, working in close collaboration with a simulated patient [SP] and a supervisor [S]; IV. Simulated encounter. A first peer [P₁] interviews the SP-in-role [SP_IR], while other peers [P_2-n] and supervisors [depicted wearing glasses] observe the encounter; V. Simulated encounter with blinded supervisor [S_BL]. In a variation of phase IV, the interviewer is a different supervisor, not involved in phase III, and as such, blind to the clinical script; and VI. Debriefing. All participants take part in a debriefing session moderated by S; P₁ is invited to share first, and CL and SP (de-rolled) contribute last. Note: the rectangular enclosures represent the confidential consultation spaces in which clinical encounters take place.