Table 3.
Factors predicting survival following pancreatic surgery
| Univariable |
Multivariable |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | HR (95% conf. interval | P value | HR (95% conf. interval | P value |
| Age (cutoff) (70 vs greater 70) | 1.24 (1.21–1.27) | 0.001 | 1.16 (1.12–1.21) | < 0.001 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference | ||
| Female | 0.93 (0.91–0.95) | < 0.001 | 0.96 (0.94–0.99) | 0.049 |
| Race | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| White | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference | ||
| Afr Am | 0.96 (0.93–0.99) | 0.029 | 0.98 (0.93–1.03) | 0.440 |
| Asian/PI | 0.80 (0.75–0.87) | < 0.001 | 0.82 (0.74–0.91) | < 0.001 |
| Hispanic | 0.85 (0.80–0.89) | < 0.001 | 0.86 (0.80–0.94) | < 0.001 |
| Other/unknown | 0.90 (0.83–0.85) | 0.013 | 0.83 (0.73–0.95) | 0.008 |
| Income | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| < 38,000 | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference | ||
| 38,000–47,999 | 0.96 (0.93–1.00) | 0.035 | 0.93 (0.88–0.98) | 0.008 |
| 48,000–62,999 | 0.90 (0.87–0.93) | < 0.001 | 0.90 (0.85–0.95) | < 0.001 |
| > 63 k | 0.83 (0.81–0.86) | < 0.001 | 0.82 (0.77–0.87) | < 0.001 |
| Insurance | < 0.002 | < 0.001 | ||
| Private insurance | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference | ||
| Medicaid | 1.16 (1.11–1.23) | < 0.001 | 1.18 (1.10–1.28) | < 0.001 |
| Medicare | 1.32 (1.30–1.35) | < 0.001 | 1.15 (1.11–1.20) | < 0.001 |
| Not insured | 1.07 (1.00–1.14) | 0.023 | 1.11 (1.02–1.21) | 0.016 |
| Other/unknown | 1.18 (1.08–1.29) | < 0.001 | 1.06 (0.91–1.24) | 0.437 |
| Education | < 0.001 | 0.213 | ||
| > 21% | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference | ||
| 13–20.9% | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | 0.568 | 1.05 (0.99–1.10) | 0.095 |
| 7–12.9% | 0.92 (0.89–0.95) | < 0.001 | 1.04 (0.99–1.10) | 0.98 |
| <7% | 0.87 (0.84–0.90) | < 0.001 | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | 0.95 |
| Size | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| < 2 cm | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference | ||
| 2–5 cm | 1.60 (1.56–1.66) | < 0.001 | 1.38 (1.31–1.46) | < 0.001 |
| > 5 cm | 1.67 (1.60–1.74) | < 0.001 | 1.54 (1.45–1.65) | < 0.001 |
| Grade | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| Well differentiated | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference | ||
| Moderately differentiated, moderately well differentiated, intermediate differentiation | 1.56 (1.52–1.64) | < 0.001 | 1.46 (1.37–1.55) | < 0.001 |
| Poorly differentiated | 2.06 (1.98–2.15) | < 0.001 | 1.87 (1.76–2.00) | < 0.001 |
| Undifferentiated, anaplastic, unknown | 1.88 (1.71–2.07) | < 0.001 | 1.72 (1.49–1.99) | < 0.001 |
| Stage | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| Stage 0/1 | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference | ||
| Stage II | 2.00 (1.93–2.06) | < 0.001 | 1.68 (1.60–1.78) | < 0.001 |
| Stage III | 2.56 (2.41–2.72)) | < 0.001 | 2.13 (1.92–2.36) | < 0.001 |
| Neoadjuvant treatment | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| No neoadjuvant | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference | ||
| Neoadjuvant chemoradiation (CRT) | 0.86 (0.83–0.90) | < 0.001 | 0.89 (0.84–0.95) | < 0.001 |
| Neoadjuvant chemotherapy | 0.80 (0.77–0.84) | < 0.001 | 0.84 (0.79–0.89) | < 0.001 |
| Neoadjuvant radiation | 0.92 (0.74–1.15) | 0.090 | 0.76 (0.53–1.1) | 0.14 |
| Adjuvant treatment | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| No adjuvant | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference | ||
| Adjuvant CRT | 0.85 (0.83–0.87) | 0.001 | 0.64 (0.60–0.66) | 0.001 |
| Adjuvant chemo | 0.86 (0.84–0.88) | 0.001 | 0.72 (0.69–0.74) | 0.001 |
| Adjuvant XRT | 0.92 (0.84–1.01) | 0.090 | 0.84 (073–0.97) | 0.021 |
| Surgical approach | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| Robotic assisted | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference | ||
| Robotic converted to open | 1.25 (0.97–1.61) | 0.085 | 1.08 (0.83–1.40) | 0.591 |
| Laparoscopic | 1.10 (0.98–1.21) | 0.113 | 1.06 (0.95–1.18) | 0.310 |
| Laparoscopic converted to open | 1.32 (1.17–1.49) | < 0.001 | 1.15 (1.01–1.31) | 0.029 |
| Open or approach unspecified | 1.28 (1.16–1.42) | < 0.001 | 1.19 (1.07–1.31) | 0.001 |
| LN-examined | ||||
| < 12 | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference | ||
| > = 12 | 1.1 (1.0–1.10) | 0.045 | 1.04 (0.96–1.13) | 0.340 |
| Margin status | ||||
| R0 | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference | ||
| R1 | 1.34 1(1.26–1.42) | < 0.001 | 1.24 (1.22–1.27) | < 0.001 |
| Lymphovascular invasion | ||||
| Not present | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference | ||
| Present | 1.54 (1.49–1.58) | < 0.001 | 1.26 (1.22–1.31) | < 0.001 |
| Type of facility | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| Community Cancer Program | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference | ||
| Comprehensive Community Cancer Program | 1.06 (1.0–1.22) | 0.047 | 0.94 (0.83–1.06) | 0.342 |
| Academic/Research Program | 0.92 (0.87–0.97) | 0.003 | 0.76 (0.67–0.85) | < 0.001 |
| Integrated Network Cancer Program | 1.08 (1.01–1.14) | 0.017 | 0.89 (0.78–1.00) | 0.058 |
| Year of diagnosis | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||