Table 1.
Selected baseline characteristics of CAPABLE program participants, stratified by financial strain status
| Variables | All (N = 300) | With financial strain (n = 245) | Without financial strain (n = 55) | P values |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), y (65–95) | 75.7 (7.6) | 75.6 (7.7) | 76.3 (7.1) | 0.517 |
| Female sex, No. (%) | 262 (87.3) | 215 (87.8) | 47 (85.5) | 0.643 |
| Race/ethnicity, No. (%) | ||||
| White | 40 (13.3) | 32 (13.1) | 8 (14.6) | 0.858 |
| Black | 259 (86.3) | 212 (86.5) | 47 (85.5) | |
| Asian | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.4) | 0 | |
| Education, No. (%) | ||||
| < 12 y | 98 (32.8) | 80 (32.8) | 18 (32.7) | 0.652 |
| = 12 y | 153 (51.2) | 127 (52.1) | 26 (47.3) | |
| ≥ 12 y | 48 (16.0) | 37 (15.1) | 11 (20.0) | |
| Living alone, No. (%) | 150 (51.0) | 120 (50.0) | 30 (54.5) | 0.562 |
| PHQ-9 score, mean (SD) (0–25) | 6.9 (5.1) | 7.3 (5.2) | 4.5 (3.8) | <0.001 |
| Pain in the last week | ||||
| Intensity ≥ 5 | 217 (72.6) | 179 (73.4) | 38 (69.1) | 0.521 |
| Distress ≥ 5 | 207 (69.2) | 172 (70.5) | 35 (63.6) | 0.320 |
| No. of medical conditions, mean (SD) (0–8) | 3.3 (1.4) | 3.3 (0.1) | 3.0 (0.2) | 0.140 |
| Energy in past month, No. (%) | ||||
| Unusually low energy | 154 (56.4) | 136 (61.8) | 18 (34.0) | <0.001 |
| Usually tired | 170 (62.3) | 146 (66.4) | 24 (45.3) | 0.004 |
| Usually weak | 131 (48.0) | 110 (50.0) | 21 (39.6) | 0.175 |
| Unintentional weight loss in the past year, No. (%) | 175 (64.1) | 142 (64.6) | 33 (62.3) | 0.756 |
| Baseline disabilities, mean (SD) (0–16) | ||||
| ADL total score | 4.0 (3.0) | 4.0 (3.1) | 4.0 (2.8) | 0.975 |
| IADL total score | 5.9 (4.0) | 6.0 (3.8) | 5.3 (4.1) | 0.251 |
| Treatment groups, No. (%) | ||||
| Intervention | 152 (50.7) | 118 (48.2) | 34 (61.8) | 0.067 |
| Control | 148 (49.3) | 127 (51.8) | 21 (38.2) | |
Notes: SD-standard deviation; ADL-activities of daily living; IADL-instrumental activity of daily living.