Table 1.

The main characteristics of various bone grafts [34]

Graft	Definition	Advantages	Disadvantages	Examples
Autogenous bone	The patient’s own bone	Excellent biocompatibility, bone conductivity, and bone induction and contains living osteoblasts [17]	Needs additional surgery, which can cause complications such as nerve damage or arterial injury [22]	Cortical or cancellous bone
Allogeneic bone	A graft taken from a genetically dissimilar member of the same species as the recipient	Has various tissue cells, growth factors, extracellular matrix, and other factors [26]	Antigenic and low risk of spreading disease	Cadaver cortical or cancellous bone, FDBA, DFDBA
Xenogeneic bone	Grafts derived from a genetically different species than the recipient	High volume, and some grafts have excellent bone conductivity	Highly antigenic and high risk of spreading disease	Bio-Oss, coralline HA, red algae
Alloplastic (synthetic materials) bone	Fabricated graft materials	Can be manufactured and stored in large quantities	Causes inflammation and poor bone induction [116]	Calcium sulfate, bioactive glass, HA, NiTi

FDBA freeze-dried bone allograft, DFDBA demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft; HA hydroxyapatite