Table 2.

The main characteristics of various autogenous tooth materials

Graft	Component	Manufacture step	Advantages	Disadvantages	Healing effect	Implant
AutoBT	HA, TCP ACP, OCP, Collagen, Non-collagenous proteins	Dehydration, degreasing, demineralization, freeze-drying and sterilization	Osteoconduction Osteoinduction Physical and chemical properties are similar to those of human cortical bone The immune response and infection are negligible	Relatively limited sources	New bone formation occurred in most of the areas of interest [111]	Stability is good, implant stability increases over time [117]
DDM	HA, TCP ACP, OCP, Collagen, Non-collagenous proteins	Dehydration, degreasing, demineralization, freeze-drying and sterilization	Osteoconduction Osteoinduction As the carrier of rh-BMP	The organic material was damaged Osteoinduction is worse than that of AutoBT	As a scaffold for inducing bone formation [117]	Low bone resorption rate after implant loading [114]
Tooth ash	Mainly HA and β-TCP	Cleaning, heating grinding to remove any impurities	Osteoconduction Less cross-infection and immune responses Absorbable Easy to prepare, store and use	Without osteoinduction Large mobility	Only has osteoconduction Capacity [65]	Bone fusion at meager levels [65]