Table 3.

Lifestyle and dietary patterns according to vitamin D level.

Variables	Asthmatic Children	Sufficient	Insufficient	Deficient	P value
No	60	29	16	15
Father’s educational level, n (%)
High School level or lower	29 (48)	16	5	8	0.051
Bachelor level or higher	31 (52)	13	11	7
Mother’s educational level, n (%)
High School level or lower	27 (45)	17	6	4	0.252
Bachelor level or higher	33 (55)	12	10	11
Vitamin D supplements, yes, n (% yes)	9 (15)	5 (17.2)	0 (0)	4 (26.6)	0.499
Other diseases (acute and chronic), yes, n (% yes)	22 (36.7)	8 (27.5)	8 (50)	6 (40)	1.20
Difficulty walking, yes, n (% yes)	12 (20)	9 (75)	2 (17)	1 (8)	0.133
Muscle and bone pain, yes, n (% yes)	27 (45)	12 (44)	6 (22)	9 (33)	0.395
Knowledge about vitamin D, yes, n (% yes)	55 (91.7)	26 (47)	14 (26)	15 (27)	0.581
Knowledge about vitamin D sources, yes, n (% yes)	48 (80)	24 (50)	12 (25)	12 (25)	0.914
Eggs, yes, n (% yes)	51 (85)	25 (49)	15 (29)	11 (22)	0.284
Liver, yes, n (% yes)	34 (56)	16 (47)	7 (21)	11 (32)	0.245‡
Dairy products, yes, n (% yes)	59 (98.3)	29 (49)	16 (27)	14 (23)	0.348
Fish, yes, n (% yes)	36 (60)	18 (50)	9 (25)	9 (25)	0.930‡
Fruits, yes, n (% yes)	54 (90)	27 (50)	15 (28)	12 (22)	0.462
Vegetable, yes, n (% yes)	43 (72)	23 (53)	12 (28)	8 (19)	0.182
Nuts, yes, n (% yes)	37 (62)	18 (49)	10 (27)	9 (24)	0.988‡
Honey, yes, n (% yes)	38 (63)	19 (50)	10 (26)	9 (24)	0.934‡

Data are presented as n (% [percentage yes]). Categorical variables are expressed as numbers and percentages. Fisher’s exact test (two-sided) was used to compare the groups when the cell count was less than five.

^‡Indicates the use of Pearson’s chi-square test (linear by linear correlation) to compare variables when the expected cell count was more than five (P < 0.05).