TABLE 1.
Participant characteristics1
| Child | |
| Male sex, n (%) | 63 (44.7) |
| Age, mo | 11.9 ± 1.9 (9.1–15.8) |
| Caucasian, n (%) | 110 (78.0) |
| Refuse to answer, n (%) | 4 (2.8) |
| Gestational age, wk | 39.4 ± 1.3 (37–43) |
| Birthweight, kg | 3.5 ± 0.5 (2.5–5.2) |
| Weight-for-length z-score | 0.6 ± 0.9 (-1.3 to 3.1) |
| Weight-for-age z-score | 0.2 ± 0.9 (-2.4 to 2.9) |
| Length-for-age z-score | −0.4 ± 1.1 (-3.1 to 2.9) |
| Exclusively formula-fed, n (%) | 4 (2.8) |
| Breastfeeding duration, mo | 7.7 ± 4.6 (0–15.8) |
| ≤1 mo, n (%) | 18 (12.8) |
| ≤2 mo, n (%) | 9 (6.4) |
| ≥6 mo, n (%) | 96 (68.1) |
| First introduction to solid foods | 5.3 ± 1 (2–9) |
| <4 mo, n (%) | 5 (3.5) |
| 4–5 mo, n (%) | 62 (44.0) |
| ≥6 mo, n (%) | 74 (52.5) |
| Mother | |
| Age, y | 33 ± 4.4 (24–46) |
| Education level | |
| Some college or less, n (%) | 36 (25.5) |
| College graduate or more, n (%) | 103 (87.1) |
| Refuse to answer, n (%) | 2 (1.4) |
| Parity | |
| Nulliparous, n (%) | 79 (56) |
| Parous ≥ 1, n (%) | 62 (44) |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m² | 28.3 ± 7.2 (19–52.9) |
| Normal weight, 18.5–24.9 kg/m2, n (%) | 54 (38.6) |
| Overweight/obese, ≥25 kg/m2, n (%) | 86 (61.4) |
| Household total income | |
| <$30,000, n (%) | 13 (9.2) |
| $30,000–$69,999, n (%) | 35 (24.8) |
| $70,000–$109,999, n (%) | 53 (37.6) |
| ≥$110,000, n (%) | 33 (23.4) |
| Refuse to answer, n (%) | 7 (5) |
1
Values are means ± SD (range), unless otherwise indicated. n = 141. Participant weight-for-length z-score, weight-for-age z-score, and length-for-age z-score were calculated using the WHO's growth charts (28).