Fig. 3. Overview of state-of-the-art biomimetic cardiac tissues and corresponding fabrication approaches.

Engineered cardiac tissues range from hydrogels capable of encouraging muscle fiber organization, decellularized scaffolds for tissue/organ bioengineering, microfabricated systems for promoting tissue anisotropy and vascularization, electrospun fibers for close mimicry of tissue architecture, and even printable tissue/miniaturized organs. FRESH Freeform Reversible Embedding of Suspended Hydrogels, SWIFT Sacrificial Writing Into Functional Tissue.