Table 4.
Outcomes up to 3 years of life.
| Children outcomes—up to 3 years of life | Confirmed congenital infection at birth | Negative testing at birth | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| N = 15 | N = 97 | ||
| Microcephaly < −3SD* | |||
| At 1 year | 2 (13.3%) | 1 (1.0%) | 0.0060 |
| At 2 yearsa | 2 (13.3%) | 1/96 (1.0%) | 0.0080 |
| At 3 yearsb | 2/11 (9.1%) | 1/51 (2.0%) | 0.0237 |
| Weight < 5th percentile* | |||
| At 1 years | 2 (13.3%) | 6 (6.2%) | 0.2908 |
| At 2 yearsa | 2 (13.3%) | 6/96 (6.3%) | 0.2947 |
| At 3 yearsb | 1/11 (9.1%) | 3/51 (5.9%) | 0.6944 |
| Neurologic impairments at 2ya—no (%) | 5 (33.3%) | 4/96 (4.2%) | 0.0001 |
| Cerebral palsy | 2 (13.3%) | 0/96 (0.0%) | 0.0170 |
| Severe dystonia or tremors | 3 (20.0%) | 3/96 (3.1%) | 0.0070 |
| Seizures | 3 (20.0%) | 2/96 (2.1%) | 0.0170 |
| Motor acquisitions | |||
| Age at sitting position (m)—median (min–max) | 6 (3–24) | 6 (4–11) | 0.8113 |
| Delay for sitting position (>9 m)–no (%) | 2 (13.3%) | 1 (1.0%) | 0.0060 |
| Age at walking (m)—median (min–max) | 11 (8–24) | 11 (7–17) | 0.3289 |
| Delay for walkinga (>18 m)—no (%) | 1 (6.7%) | 0/96 (0.0%) | 0.0110 |
| Vision and hearing evaluation | |||
| Impaired response to visual stimuli—no (%) | 2 (13.3%) | 1 (1.0%) | 0.0060 |
| Impaired response to auditory stimuli—no (%) | 2 (13.3%) | 1 (1.0%) | 0.0060 |
| Age at CDAS evaluationb (m)—median (min–max) | 35 (33–39) | 36 (34–40) | 0.7665 |
| Global assessment – no (%) | |||
| “Comfort” zone (>−1SD) | 3/11 (27.3%) | 30/51 (58.8%) | 0.0572 |
| “To be monitored” zone ([−2SD; −1SD]) | 1/11 (9.1%) | 14/51 (27.5%) | 0.1972 |
| “Referral” zone (<−2SD) | 7/11 (63.4%) | 7/51 (13.7%) | 0.0003 |
| Motor domain—no (%) | |||
| “Comfort” zone (>−1SD) | 7/11 (63.4%) | 47/51 (92.2%) | 0.0105 |
| “To be monitored” zone ([−2SD; −1SD]) | 2/11 (18.2%) | 3/51 (5.8%) | 0.1742 |
| “Referral” zone (<−2SD) | 2/11 (18.2%) | 1/51 (2.0%) | 0.0790 |
| Socio-emotional domain—no (%) | |||
| “Comfort” zone (>−1SD) | 7/11 (63.4%) | 41/51 (80.4%) | 0.2280 |
| “To be monitored” zone ([−2SD; −1SD]) | 0/11 (0.0%) | 4/51 (7.8%) | 0.3369 |
| “Referral” zone (<−2SD) | 4/11 (36.4%) | 6/51 (11.8%) | 0.0442 |
| Cognitive and language domain—no (%) | |||
| “Comfort” zone (>−1SD) | 3/11 (27.3%) | 32/51 (62.7%) | 0.3140 |
| “To be monitored” zone ([−2SD; −1SD]) | 2/11 (18.2%) | 16/51 (31.4%) | 0.3820 |
| “Referral” zone (<−2SD) | 6/11 (54.5%) | 3/51 (5.9%) | <0.0001 |
For qualitative variables, absolute frequencies and relative frequencies (percentages) are presented. Secondary outcomes were compared across the groups using χ2, Fischer, and Wilcoxon tests.
a111 infants evaluated at 2 years of life, including 15 with laboratory-confirmed congenital ZIKV infection.
b62 children evaluated at 3 years of life using the CDAS, including 11 with laboratory-confirmed congenital ZIKV infection.
*According to WHO Child Growth Standards <2 years and CDC growth charts >2 years of life. Exact p values were estimated by χ2, Fischer, or Wilcoxon tests (two-sided).