Table 3.
Synthesized results for the effects of exercise vs control intervention.
| Variables | k | SMD | 95% CI | I2% | Between-group homogeneity | Publication bias | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q-value | df(Q) | p-value | Egger's test (p) | |||||
| Muscle strength | ||||||||
| Grip strength | 15 | 0.30 | 0.15–0.45 | 6 | 14.90 | 14 | 0.39 | 0.39 |
| Knee extension | 11 | 0.32 | 0.15–0.50 | 0 | 7.99 | 10 | 0.63 | 0.19 |
| Chair and stand | 8 | 0.56 | 0.30–0.81 | 36 | 10.95 | 7 | 0.14 | 0.86 |
| Physical performance | ||||||||
| TUG | 9 | 0.74 | 0.48–1.00 | 31 | 11.63 | 8 | 0.17 | 0.01 |
| Gait speed | 17 | 0.59 | 0.35–0.82 | 62 | 41.74 | 16 | 0.001 | 0.01 |
| Body composition | ||||||||
| Skeletal mass index | 11 | 0.37 | 0.15–0.58 | 16 | 11.90 | 10 | 0.29 | 0.92 |
| ASM | 13 | 0.31 | 0.13–0.49 | 20 | 15.07 | 12 | 0.24 | 0.21 |
| Lean mass | 4 | 0.20 | −0.07 to 0.48 | 0 | 0.80 | 3 | 0.85 | 0.20 |
| Body fat | 5 | 0.24 | −0.04 to 0.53 | 3 | 4.12 | 4 | 0.39 | 0.15 |
| Fat-free mass | 3 | 0.36 | −0.10 to 0.82 | 0 | 0.36 | 2 | 0.84 | 0.39 |
ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle; SMD, standard mean difference; TUG, timed up and go; k, number of trials.