Table 4.
Moderator analysis for the effects of exercise on measurement outcomes.
| Variables | Muscle Strength | Physical Performance | Body Composition | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grip Strength | Knee Extension | Chair and Stand | TUG | Gait Speed | ASM | SMI | Muscle Mass | Lean Mass | BODY FAT | |
| SMD (95% CI) | SMD (95% CI) | SMD (95% CI) | SMD (95% CI) | SMD (95% CI) | SMD (95% CI) | SMD (95% CI) | SMD (95% CI) | SMD (95% CI) | SMD (95% CI) | |
| Criteria | ||||||||||
| AWGS | 0.23 (0.03–0.43) | 0.32 (0.13–0.51) | 0.55 (0.11–0.98) | 0.69 (0.26–1.13) | 0.55 (0.23–0.88) | 0.25 (0.05–0.44) | 0.18 (−0.13 to 0.49) | 0.08 (−0.21 to 0.36) | 0.53 (−0.25 to 1.31) | 0.36 (−0.18 to 0.91) |
| EWGSOP | 0.41 (0.15–0.67) | 0.34 (−0.10 to 0.78) | 0.54 (0.22–0.87) | 0.79 (0.43–1.16) | 0.64 (0.28–1.00) | 0.47 (0.00–0.94) | 0.49 (0.18–0.80) | 0.19 (−0.20 to 0.57) | 0.16 (−0.14 to 0.45) | 0.16 (−0.22 to 0.54) |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Female | 0.39 (0.03–0.76) | 0.39 (0.12–0.66) | – | 0.91 (0.46–1.35) | 0.95 (0.59–1.31) | 0.25 (0.02–0.48) | 0.27 (−0.07 to 0.62) | 0.13 (−0.11 to 0.37 | 0.28 (−0.12 to 0.68) | 0.55 (−0.26 to 1.37) |
| Male | 0.97 (0.34–1.60) | – | – | 1.08 (0.35–1.81) | 0.39 (−0.22 to 0.99) | 0.94(−0.59 to 2.48) | 1.40 (0.73–2.06)* | – | – | – |
| Mixed | 0.21 (0.03–0.39) | 0.28 (0.05–0.51) | 0.5 (0.30–0.81) | 0.26 (0.26–0.86) | 0.43 (0.15–0.70) | 0.27 (0.03–0.50) | 0.27 (0.02–0.52) | 0.001 (−0.68 to 0.68) | 0.13 (−0.25 to 0.52) | 0.13 (−0.20 to 0.46) |
| Exercise type | ||||||||||
| RT | 0.33 (0.14–0.51) | 0.32 (0.09–0.54) | 0.31 (0.02–0.61) | 0.80 (0.37–1.23) | 0.50 (0.19–0.81) | 0.33 (0.13–0.52) | 0.54 (0.15–0.74) | 0.11 (−0.11 to 0.34) | 0.16 (−0.14 to 0.45) | 0.16 (−0.17 to 0.49) |
| RT+AE | 0.24 (−0.02 to 0.50) | 0.35 (0.01–0.68) | 0.71 (0.33–1.08) | 0.59 (0.23–0.96) | 0.92 (0.35–1.50) | 0.19 (−0.25 to 0.64) | 0.18 (−0.20 to 0.55) | – | 0.53 (−0.25 to 1.31) | 0.50 (−0.42 to 1.42) |
| WBV | – | 0.34 (−0.29 to 0.96) | 0.88 (0.23–1.53) | 0.90 (0.25–1.55) | 0.61 (−0.02 to 1.25) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Exercise frequency | ||||||||||
| ≥3 times/week | 0.14 (−0.16 to 0.44) | 0.46 (0.07–0.85) | 0.72 (0.39–1.04) | 0.79 (0.43–1.16) | 0.85 (0.41–1.29) | 0.68 (−0.18 to 1.55) | 0.25 (−0.02 to 0.53) | 0.24 (−0.18 to 0.65) | 0.31 (−0.22 to 0.83) | |
| <3 times/week | 0.36 (0.16–0.55) | 0.29 (0.10–0.48) | 0.35 (0.06–0.64) | 0.69 (0.26–1.13) | 0.47 (0.19–0.85) | 0.26 (0.08–0.43) | 0.48 (0.06–0.90) | 0.11 (−0.11 to 0.34) | 0.18 (−0.19 to 0.55) | 0.23 (−0.23 to 0.68) |
| Exercise duration | ||||||||||
| >12 weeks | 0.39 (0.12–0.65) | 0.33 (0.02–0.65) | 0.77 (0.11–1.44) | – | 0.38 (0.02–0.75) | 0.25 (−0.04 to 0.54) | 0.28 (−0.01 to 0.58) | 0.19 (−0.20 to 0.57) | 0.18 (−0.19 to 0.55) | 0.18 (−0.27 to 0.62) |
| ≤ 12 weeks | 0.27 (0.06–0.47) | 0.32 (0.11–0.53) | 0.44 (0.19–0.68) | 0.74 (0.48–1.00) | 0.63 (0.35–0.92) | 0.34 (0.11–0.57) | 0.43(0.08–0.79) | 0.08 (−0.21 to 0.36) | 0.24 (−0.18 to 0.65) | 0.34 (−0.17 to 0.86) |
| Session time | ||||||||||
| ≤ 45min | 0.14 (−0.09 to 0.37) | 0.31 (−0.07 to 0.68) | 0.44 (0.19–0.68) | 0.66 (0.25–1.06) | 0.55 (0.15–0.96) | 0.35 (0.05–0.64) | 0.29 (−0.01 to 0.59) | 0.12 (−0.37 to 0.61) | 0.07 (−0.31 to 0.46) | |
| >45min | 0.41 (0.19–0.65) | 0.34 (0.12–0.56) | 0.77 (0.11–1.44) | 0.82 (0.44–1.19) | 0.62 (0.33–0.92) | 0.30 (0.07–0.53) | 0.42 (0.04–0.79) | 0.11 (−0.11 to 0.34) | 0.24 (−0.09 to 0.58) | 0.43 (−0.04 to 0.90) |
| Exercise intensity | ||||||||||
| Light | 0.22 (−0.01 to 0.45 | 0.27 (−0.08 to 0.61) | 0.58 (0.03–1.20) | – | 0.24 (−0.11 to 0.59) | 0.31 (0.02–0.60) | 0.29 (−0.20 to 0.79) | – | – | 0.06 (−0.59 to 0.71) |
| Moderate-vigorous | 0.35 (0.09–0.61) | 0.38 (0.13–0.62) | 0.58 (0.26–0.90) | 0.81 (0.57–1.05) | 0.82 (0.48–1.16)* | 0.32 (0.06–0.59) | 0.30 (0.03–0.56)* | 0.11 (−0.11 to 0.34) | 0.18 (−0.189 to 0.552) | 0.16 (−0.22 to 0.54) |
| Vigorous | 0.50 (−0.37 to 1.37) | 0.43 (−0.35 to 1.20) | 0.33 (−0.16 to 0.82) | 0.23 (−0.26 to 0.71) | 0.44 (0.01 to 0.87) | 0.28 (−0.21 to 0.77) | 0.56 (−0.23 to 1.35) | – | 0.24 (−0.18 to 0.65) | 0.55 (−0.26 to 1.37) |
| Control group | ||||||||||
| Active | 0.30 (0.08–0.53) | 0.28 (0.01–0.54) | 0.31 (0.001–0.61) | 0.70 (0.41–1.00) | 0.76 (0.38–1.15) | 0.23 (0.04–0.41) | 0.48 (0.13–0.83) | 0.14 (−0.14 to 0.42) | 0.22 (−0.09 to 0.53) | 0.48 (−0.41 to 1.38) |
| Passive | 0.30 (0.07–0.53) | 0.38 (0.13–0.63) | 0.74 (0.41–1.06) | 0.85 (0.24–1.46) | 0.34 (0.12–0.56) | 0.61 (0.03–1.20) | 0.21 (−0.10 to 0.52) | – | 0.15 (−0.46 to 0.77) | 0.17 (−0.20 to 0.55) |
*
p < 0.05.
AE, aerobic exercise; ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle; AWGS, Asia Working Group for Sarcopenia; EWGSOP, European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People; RT, resistance training; TUG, timed up and go; WBV, whole-body vibration training.