Table 5.

Meta-regression for continuous variables to predict exercise effects on measurement outcomes.

Variables	Muscle strength			Physical performance		Body composition
	Grip strength β(95% CI)	Knee extension β(95% CI)	Chair stand test β(95% CI)	TUG β(95% CI)	Gait speed β(95% CI)	ASM β(95% CI)	SMI β(95% CI)	Muscle mass β(95% CI)	Lean mass β(95% CI)	Body fat β(95% CI)
Age	−0.0089	−0.0110	−0.0255	0.0069	−0.0252	−0.0134	0.0117	−0.0210	0.0007	0.0023
	(−0.0364 to 0.0186)	(−0.0474 to 0.0254)	(−0.0765 to 0.0255)	(−0.0618 to 0.0759)	(−0.0758 to 0.0254)	(−0.0443 to 0.0174)	(−0.0249 to 0.0483)	(−0.0726 to 0.0306)	(−0.0438 to 0.0452)	(−0.0100 to 0.0146)
Percent of female participants	−0.0021 (−0.0087 to 0.0045)	0.0025 (−0.0078 to 0.0128)	0.0018 (−0.0072 to 0.0438)	−0.0012 (−0.0094 to 0.0071)	0.0096 (0.0006 to 0.0186) *	−0.0051 (−0.0107 to 0.0004)	−0.0092 (−0.0162 to −0.0021) *	0.0144 (−0.0661 to 0.0949)	0.0036 (−0.0098 to 0.0170)	0.0096 (−0.0048 to 0.0240)
Exercise time per week in minutes	0.0021 (−0.0014 to 0.0056)	0.0021 (−0.0018 to 0.0060)	−0.0004 (−0.0083 to 0.0075)	0.0016 (−0.0041 to 0.0072)	0.0046 (−0.0009 to 0.0101)	0.0024 (−0.0033 to 0.0082)	−0.0055 (−0.0124 to 0.0014)	—	−0.0011 (−0.0398 to 0.0179)	−0.0010 (−0.0110 to 0.0089)
Exercise duration	0.0063	0.0011	−0.0141	−0.0292	−0.0172	−0.0037	−0.031	0.0073	−0.0012	−0.0049
	(−0.0129 to 0.0255)	(−0.0305 to 0.0328)	(−0.0657 to 0.0378)	(−0.2068 to 0.1485)	(−0.0705 to 0.0362)	(−0.0255 to 0.0182)	(−0.0275 to 0.0213)	(−0.0150 to 0.0297)	(−0.0255 to 0.0231)	(−0.0522 to 0.0425)
Dose of exercise intervention	0.00000 (−0.0001 to 0.0001)	0.0001 (−0.0001 to 0.0002)	0.0001 (−0.0002 to 0.0003)	0.0004 (−0.0005 to 0.0014)	0.0001 (−0.0002 to 0.0003)	−0.0001 (−0.0002 to 0.0002)	−0.0001 (−0.0002 to 0.0001)	0.0001 (−0.0001 to 0.0002)	−0.00001 (−0.0002 to 0.0002)	−0.00001 (−0.0003 to 0.0002)

^*p < 0.05.

ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle; SMI, skeletal muscle mass index; TUG, timed up and go; –, the continuous variable in each study is equivalent.