Table 2.
Associations between smoking status and endothelial function markers *.
| Model 1 † beta estimate [95% CI] | P-value | Model 2 ‡ beta estimate [95% CI] | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimates for flow-mediated dilation | ||||
| Never smoking (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
| Current smoking | −0.045 [−0.28; 0.19] | 0.70 | 0.10 [−0.26; 0.46] | 0.58 |
| Former smoking | −0.010 [−0.20; 0.18] | 0.92 | 0.042 [−0.18; 0.27] | 0.71 |
| Estimates for baseline brachial artery diameter | ||||
| Never smoking (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
| Current smoking | −0.036 [−0.063; −0.0092] | 0.0084 | −0.046 [−0.087; −0.0049] | 0.028 |
| Former smoking | 0.0071 [−0.015; 0.029] | 0.54 | −0.0066 [−0.032; 0.019] | 0.61 |
| Estimates for reactive hyperemia index | ||||
| Never smoking (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
| Current smoking | −0.065 [−0.085; −0.045] | < 0.0001 | −0.056 [−0.085; −0.026] | 0.00024 |
| Former smoking | −0.031 [−0.048; −0.015] | 0.00022 | −0.017 [−0.036; 0.0013] | 0.069 |
| Estimates for baseline pulse amplitude | ||||
| Never smoking (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
| Current smoking | 50 [30; 70] | < 0.0001 | 59 [28; 89] | 0.00016 |
| Former smoking | 27 [11; 44] | 0.0014 | 20 [0.54; 39] | 0.044 |
| Estimates for reflection index | ||||
| Never smoking (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
| Current smoking | 3.5 [2.8; 4.1] | < 0.0001 | 4.0 [3.0; 5.1] | < 0.0001 |
| Former smoking | 0.79 [0.22; 1.3] | 0.0061 | 0.93 [0.27; 1.6] | 0.0055 |
Beta estimates and 95% confidence intervals are derived from a linear regression model modeling for endothelial function. Current and former smoking were compared to never smoking (reference category). Sample sizes (model 2) were for flow-mediated dilation N = 9,828, baseline brachial artery diameter N = 10,651, reactive hyperemia index N = 8,690, baseline pulse amplitude N = 8,690, and reflection index N = 10,691.
Model 1 was adjusted for sex and age.
Model 2 was additionally adjusted for arterial hypertension, waist-to-height ratio, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, family history of myocardial infarction or stroke, socioeconomic status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, depression, passive smoking, smoking prior to examination, prevalent cardiovascular disease (compromising congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, atrial fibrillation, and peripheral artery disease), and medication use (diabetic drugs, antithrombotic agents, antihypertensives, diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blocker, agents acting on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and lipid modifying agents).
Statistically significant P-values < 0.05 are given in bold.