Table 3.
Cognitive test change scores of participants who completed the pre-test and post-test.
| IG | CG | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | 95%CI | Mean ± SD | 95%CI | F-value | p-value |
Effect
size (ηp2) |
F-value | p-value |
Effect
size (ηp2) |
||
| Memory | |||||||||||
| LM I | Score | 3.4 ± 5.2 | 1.4–5.4 | 4.5 ± 4.7 | 2.7–6.4 | 0.83 | 0.36 | 0.01 | 0.67 | 0.41 | 0.01 |
| LMII | Score | 5.3 ± 3.0 | 4.1–6.4 | 5.1 ± 5.8 | 2.8–7.3 | 0.00 | 0.97 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.86 | 0.00 |
| ΔLM | % | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.0–0.1 | 0.0 ± 0.2 | −0.0 to 0.1 | 0.19 | 0.65 | 0.00 | 0.32 | 0.57 | 0.00 |
| Verbal function | |||||||||||
| Category | Number | 2.6 ± 7.8 | −0.3 to 5.6 | −0.1 ± 3.9 | −1.5 to 1.3 | 5.21 | 0.02* | 0.08 | 4.55 | 0.03* | 0.08 |
| Letter | Number | 2.0 ± 5.1 | 0.0–3.9 | 1.8 ± 7.4 | −1.0 to 4.6 | 0.05 | 0.82 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.91 | 0.00 |
| Executive function | |||||||||||
| TMT-Aa | Seconds | −3.8 ± 7.3 | −6.7 to 0.8 | −3.1 ± 9.8 | −6.8 to 0.6 | 0.15 | 0.69 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.87 | 0.00 |
| TMT-Ba | Seconds | 1.4 ± 23.6 | −7.8 to 10.8 | −9.2 ± 24.3 | −18.4 to 0.0 | 1.91 | 0.17 | 0.03 | 2.49 | 0.12 | 0.04 |
SD, standard deviation; IG, intervention group; CG, active control group; Category, category fluency; CI, confidence interval; Letter, letter fluency; LM. logical memory; TMT, trail making test.
a
Since two participants in the IG could not be evaluated accurately TMT-A and TMT-B, the number of participants of IG is 27.
Model 1: The results of analysis of covariance, adjusted for pre-test scores.
Model 2: The results of analysis of covariance, adjusted for sex, age, and educational level along with the pre-test scores.
*
p < 0.05.