Table 1.
Reaction force at L4–L5 joint derived from the musculoskeletal model and used for the finite element analysis for six static positions of the spine.
| X component (% of BW) | Y component (% of BW) | Z component (% of BW) | Total reaction force (% of BW) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flexion 20° | −60.5 | 174.8 | 3.5 | 185.0 |
| Extension 15° | −74.5 | 190.1 | 4.2 | 204.2 |
| Lateral bending 20° (right) | −45.8 | 127.3 | 13.2 | 135.9 |
| Lateral bending 20° (left) | −45.4 | 129.0 | −3.9 | 136.8 |
| Axial rotation 15° (right) | −43.2 | 118.4 | −2.2 | 126.0 |
| Axial rotation 15° (left) | −29.1 | 90.2 | 5.3 | 94.9 |
Forces are normalised to body weight (BW).