TABLE 4.

Antiviral activities of LAB-derived EPS.

Producing bacterium	Purified/Crude/Modified	Conc. mg/mL	Pathogens	In vitro/In vivo	Mode of action	References
Pediococcus spp., Leuconostoc spp., Lactobacillus spp.,	Purified	0.02, 0.1, 0.5	Adenovirus type 5 (HAdV-5)	in vitro	Only EPS 26a from Lactobacillus sp. obstructed HAdV-5 reproduction	Biliavska et al., 2019
Lactobacillus plantarum LRCC5310	Purified	1.95	Rotavirus	in vitro	Interfering with the rotaviral attachment to cells in vitro	Kim et al., 2018
Lactobacillus plantarum N4(Lp)	Purified	1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16	Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus (TGEV)	in vitro	Inhibitory effect on TGEV	Yan et al., 2020
Lactobacillus delbrueckii OLL1073R-1	Purified neutral and acidic EPS	0.1	DsRNA similar to that found in many viruses	in vitro	EPSs treatment induced the expression of IFN-α and IFN-β in PIE cells as well as the antiviral factors MxA and RNase L	Kanmani et al., 2018b
Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii TUA4408L	Purified neutral and acidic EPS	0.1	Rotavirus	in vitro	Enhanced expression of the antiviral factors interferon (IFN)-β, Myxovirus resistance gene A (MxA) and RNaseL	Kanmani et al., 2018a
Lactobacillus plantarum LRCC5310	Purified	1	Rotavirus	in vivo	Decreased the duration of diarrhea, restricted PIE lesions, reduced rotavirus replication in the intestine, and reduced the time to recovery	Kim et al., 2018