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. 2021 May 19;11:648139. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.648139

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Copyright © 2021 Yi, Li, Tan, Fu, Tang and Deng

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Immune checkpoints involved in T cell inactivation. Cancer cells evade the host immune system through upregulation of immune checkpoints composed of the ligands on the cancer cell and the respective receptors on the CD8⁺ T cell. These ligand/receptor pairs include PDL1/PD1, CD80/CD86/CTLA4, MHC II/LAG3, CD155/TIGIT, and GAL9/TIM3. In addition, VTCN1 is also found on TNBC cells, although its receptor on T cells is not known.