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. 2021 Jun 2;12:316. doi: 10.1186/s13287-021-02376-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Plasma cytokine/chemokine profile, and functional assay. a Plasma levels of cytokines at days 0 and + 2 after MSC infusion. b Plasma levels of chemokines at days 0 and + 2 after MSC infusion. c The immune suppressive ability of monocytes was tested in functional assay on activated T cells and shown as percentage of suppression. d Arginase1⁺ cells within the monocytes subsets were evaluated by flow cytometry at different time points. e The immune suppressive ability of CD66b⁺ LDNs was tested in functional assay on activated T cells and shown as percentage of suppression. f LDNs were counted and reported as number of cells/μl. The red arrow indicates the time point in which MSC infusion was performed. For comments, see the text. CCL, C-C motif chemokine ligand; CXCL, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand; Cl., classic; IL, interleukin; IFN, interferon; IL-1RA, interleukin-1 receptor A; LDN, low-density gradient neutrophil; MSC, mesenchymal stromal cell; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor