Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Pre-Intervention N = 76 | Post-Intervention N = 170 | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean ± standard deviation | 58 ± 16.2 | 61 ± 17 | 0.20 |
| Male gender | 38 (50) | 78 (46) | 0.65 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Black/African American | 71 (93) | 151 (88) | 0.37 |
| White | 3 (4) | 10 (6) | 0.76 |
| Asian | 0 (0) | 2 (1) | > 0.99 |
| Other | 0 (0) | 1 (0.6) | > 0.99 |
| Unknown | 0 (0) | 4 (2) | 0.31 |
| Hispanic/Latino | 0 (0) | 2 (1) | > 0.99 |
| Hypertension | 48 (63) | 110 (64) | 0.93 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 20 (26) | 55 (32) | 0.44 |
| Diabetes | 15 (20) | 62 (36) | 0.01 |
| Asthma | 10 (13) | 21 (12) | 0.86 |
| Chronic or end stage renal disease | 9 (12) | 19 (11) | 0.87 |
| Immunodeficiencya | 8 (10) | 10 (6) | 0.30 |
| COPD | 7 (9) | 16 (9) | 0.97 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 6 (8) | 9 (5) | 0.61 |
| HIV | 4 (5) | 2 (1) | 0.07 |
| Bronchiectasis | 0 (0) | 1 (0.6) | > 0.99 |
| Baseline O2 requirement | |||
| Room air | 23 (30) | 42 (25) | 0.45 |
| Nasal cannula | 46 (60) | 103 (60) | 0.99 |
| High flow nasal cannula | 4 (5) | 17 (10) | 0.32 |
| Non-rebreather | 1 (1) | 1 (0.6) | 0.52 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 2 (3) | 7 (4) | 0.84 |
| ICU admission within first 24 h | 21 (28) | 51 (30) | 0.82 |
| ICU admission at any point | 31 (41) | 71 (42) | 0.99 |
| Mechanical ventilation within first 24 h | 18 (24) | 18 (11) | 0.01 |
| Mechanical ventilation at any point | 24 (36) | 29 (17) | 0.02 |
| Fever at time of antibiotic initiation | 19 (25) | 93 (55) | < 0.001 |
| Leukocytosis at time of antibiotic initiation | 5 (7) | 41 (24) | 0.002 |
| RBVP obtained | 67 (88) | 154 (91) | 0.72 |
| Positive RBVP | 1 (1) | 3 (2) | > 0.99 |
| Legionella urinary antigen obtained | 59 (78) | 141 (82) | 0.42 |
| Positive Legionella | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae urinary antigen obtained | 58 (76) | 141 (82) | 0.30 |
| Positive Streptococcus pneumoniae | 0 (0) | 2 (1.4) | > 0.99 |
| Respiratory cultures obtained | 20 (26) | 51 (30) | 0.70 |
| Positive respiratory culture | 1 (5) | 4 (8) | > 0.99 |
| Blood cultures obtained | 60 (79) | 141 (82) | 0.57 |
| MRSA swab obtained | 42 (55) | 125 (74) | 0.007 |
| Positive MRSA Swab | 1 (2) | 6 (8) | 0.70 |
| Antibioticsb | |||
| Azithromycin | 69 (91) | 110 (65) | < 0.001 |
| Doxycycline | 6 (8) | 19 (11) | 0.60 |
| Ceftriaxone | 64 (84) | 112 (66) | 0.005 |
| Cefdinir | 50 (66) | 72 (42) | 0.001 |
| Levofloxacin | 2 (3) | 1 (0.6) | 0.22 |
| Cefepime | 26 (34) | 47 (28) | 0.40 |
| Vancomycin | 32 (42) | 50 (29) | 0.07 |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate or Ampicillin-sulbactam | 4 (5) | 4 (2) | 0.26 |
| Metronidazole | 9 (12) | 15 (9) | 0.60 |
| Other | 6 (8) | 7 (4) | > 0.99 |
| Antivirals (COVID-19 Directed Therapy) | |||
| HCQc | 56 (74) | 43 (25) | < 0.001 |
| Tocilizumab | 17 (22) | 41 (24) | 0.90 |
| Remdesivird | 24 (32) | 48 (28) | 0.70 |
| None | 11 (14) | 67 (39) | < 0.001 |
a Including transplant patients currently on immunosuppression or patients with malignancy and received chemotherapy or radiation within the past 3 months or Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
bAntibiotics initiated empirically for CABP within the first 48 h
c Given alone, or in combination with LPV/r or RBV
d Includes compassionate use or trial Remdesivir
Abbreviations: HCQ hydroxychloroquine, LPV/r lopinavir/ritonavir, RBV: ribavirin
All data are n (%), unless otherwise noted