Table 1.
Selected references on use of photonics/optical spectroscopy-based studies on saliva for clinical and other applications. (Various cancers)
| S. No | Method | Applications | Year and ref | Sensitivity/L.O.D |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | SERS | Oral Cancer: Saliva +Au nanoparticles. PCA of Raman | 2020 [Fălămaș et al. 2020] | _ |
| 2 | SERS | Oral Cancer healthy, mild and moderate dysplasia | 2020 [(Muro et al. 2016a, b] | _ |
| 3 | ATR-FTIR | Salivary exosomes;machine learning PCA &SVM | 2020 [Su and Lee 2020] | _ |
| 4 | ATR-FTIR | Salivary gland tumor (tumor mixus, TM) | 2020 [Paluszkiewicz et al. 2020] | _ |
| 5 | Raman | Oral Squamous cell carcinoma | 2020 [Falamas et al. 2020] | 93.6% |
| 6 | ATR-FTIR | Saliva for breast cancer | 2020 [Ferreira et al. 2020] | 94% |
| 7 | SERS | POC handheld. (S100P) mRNA in whole saliva; biomarker for oral cancer. | 2019 [Han et al. 2019] |
L.O.D in free solution:1.1 nM In VFC L.O.D:10nM |
| 8 | FTIR | Diagnosis of lung and breast cancers | 2019 [Bel’skaya et al. 2019] | _ |
| 9 | FTIR | Salivary exosomes; oral cancer (OC) | 2019 [Zlotogorski-Hurvitz et al. 2019] | 100% |
| 10 | General | Saliva for various cancers | 2019 [Kaczor-Urbanowicz et al. 2019] | Lung cancer sensitivity 93.75% |
| 11 | ATR-FTIR | Oral cancer diagnostics. Spectra of Salivary Exosomes | 2019 [Dekel et al. 2019] | 100% |
| 12 | SERS | Liquid biopsy for various cancers. | 2019 [Zhang et al. 2019] | miRNAs in liver cancer L.O.D 10fM |
| 13 | SERS | Ovarian cancer | 2018 [(de Jesús Zermeño-Nava et al. 2018] | 80% |
| 14 | Fluorescence | Oral pre-cancer | 2018 [Kumar et al. 2018] |
OSCC to normal 91%, OSMF to normal 92% |
| 15 | LIF |
salivary proteins labelled with Cy3 fluorescent dye and detected by fluorescence |
2018 [Liu et al. 2018] | 60% |
| 16 | UV-Visible Absorption | Saliva in leukaemia | 2018 [Joudah et al. 2018] | _ |
| 17 | UV- Fluorescence | Steady and excited state kinetics; normal, oral premalignant and malignant subjects | 2018 [Yuvaraj et al. 2018] | 86.6% |
| 18 | SERS | Sialic acid (SA) in saliva; breast cancer Detection. | 2017 [Hernández-Arteaga et al. 2017] | 94% |
| 19 | Spectrophotometry | Salivary levels of zinc, iron and copper in Head and Neck Cancer | 2017 [George et al. 2017] | _ |
| 20 | SERS | Nasopharyngeal carcinoma NPC. SERS with PCA-LDA; non-invasive detection of NPC | 2016 [Qiu et al. 2016] | 86.7% |
| 21 | SPR | Recombinant human matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9); tumor progression and metastasis; saliva | 2016 [Mohseni et al. 2016] | L.O.D : 8 pg/ml |
| 22 | SERS | Breast cancer | 2015 [Feng et al. 2015] | Malignant 74.19% |
| 23 | HPLC-LIF | Various cancers | 2015 [Patil et al. 2015] | L.O.D : femto-moles |
| 24 | AAS. | Copper, iron, zinc and manganese in oral submucous fibrosis | 2015 [Okade et al. 2015] | _ |
| 25 | Fluorescence | Oral Cancer | 2014 [Yuvaraj et al. 2014] | Emission spectra sensitivity 85.7% |
| 26 | Fluorescence | Quantum Dots in Breast Cancer | 2014 [Jokerst et al.] | L.O.D CEA: 0.02 ng/ml |
| 27 | HPLC-LIF | Salivary protein markers; Oral cancer | 2018 [Zaorska et al. 2018] | 79% |
| 28 | SPR | Carbohydrate antigen 15-3 (CA15-3) in saliva | 2012 [Liang et al. 2012] | L.O.D : 2.5 U/ml |
| 29 | SERS | Saliva lung cancer | 2011 [Li et al. 2011] | 94% |
| 30 | Optical | Cancers | 2008 [Tan et al. 2011] | L.O.D IL-8: 4 fM |
| 31 | SERS | 5-fluorouracil: Chemotherapy drug; for solid tumors and colorectal carcinoma | 2008 [Farquharson et al. 2008] | L.O.D: 2 μg/ml |
| 32 | SERS | 5-Fluorouracil: Chemotherapy drug; for solid tumors and colorectal carcinoma | 2005 [Farquharson et al. 2005] | L.O.D : 150 ng/ml |
| 33 | SPR | Interleukin-8(IL-8).Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | 2005 [Yang et al. 2005] | L.O.D : 2.5 pM |