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. 2021 May 19;12:650830. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.650830

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Copyright © 2021 Narayana, Gibbs, Fulton, McGregor, Mudigoudar, Weatherspoon, Boop and Wheless.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Examples of language mapping with TMS. Speech errors in the form of speech arrest, semantic errors, and performance errors were elicited in both hemispheres. (A): Language mapping with TMS in a 5.6-year-old female with refractory cryptogenic focal epilepsy and asymptomatic cervical and thoracic syringohydromyelia. Her brain MRI was normal. TMS language mapping was completed using a color naming task and showed bilateral dominance for expressive language. (B): Language mapping with TMS in a 5.6-year-old male with right parietal cortical dysplasia that was in the inferior parietal lobule, predominantly superior to the marginal gyrus. TMS language mapping was completed using an object naming task and indicated a right hemisphere dominance for expressive language.