Table 1.
Pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases associated with cancer therapies and air pollution.
| Diseases reported among cancer survivors | Cancer therapiesa | Air pollutantsa |
|---|---|---|
| Pulmonary diseases | ||
| Asthma | C (28) | PM2.5 (51–53) |
| Cough | C (18) | PM2.5 (52) |
| Restrictive lung disease | R (54) | PM2.5 (55) |
| Bronchitis | C (18) | PM2.5, NO2 (56) |
| Pulmonary fibrosis | R, C (18, 28) | NO2, O3 (57) |
| Pneumonia | R (18) | PM2.5 (58) |
| Cardiovascular diseases | ||
| Ischemic heart disease | R (30) | PM2.5 (59) |
| Heart failure | R, C (28) (60) | PM2.5, NO2 (61) |
| Hypertension | C (16, 20, 28) | PM2.5, SO2, NO2 (62) |
| Arteriosclerosis | PM2.5 (63) | |
| Atherosclerosis | R, C (64, 65) | PM2.5 (66) |
| Coronary heart or artery disease | C (67) | PM2.5 (68, 69) |
| Heart failure | R, C (30) | PM2.5 (63) |
| Stroke | R, C, S (70, 71) | PM2.5, O3, NO2 (63) |
| Cardiac arrhythmia | R, C (20) | NO2 (72–74) |
| Ischemic heart disease | R, C(30) | PM2.5 (59) |
| Myocardial infarction | R, C (28) (67) | PM2.5, NO2 (63) |
| Cardiovascular mortality | R, C (19, 20) | PM2.5 (63) |
Abbreviations: C, chemotherapy; NO2, nitrogen dioxide; O3, ozone; R, radiation; S, surgery; SO2, sulfur dioxide.
a
References for evidence of the association are in parentheses.