Table 3.

Protective effects of onion and its main constituents against drugs and health care products (consumer products) induced toxicity

Agent	Type of toxicity	Type of study	Study design and dose of garlic/ garlic component evaluated	Effect demonstrated	References
Potassium oxonate	Nephrotoxicity hepatotoxicity	In-vivo, Male Sprague-Dawley rats	Onion juice (10.5 g/kg/day, 14 days,p.o.)	Antioxidative mechanisms	(15)
Streptozotocin	Reproductive toxicity	Adult male Wistar rats,	A. cepa (Onion) seeds (AC) extract (200 or 400 mg/kg/day, 28 days, p.o.)	Antioxidative mechanisms.	(12)
Bleomycin	Cytotoxicity	In-vitro, human lymphocytes,	onion extract(10 and 20 μl/ml)	Antioxidant activities	(20)
Diethylnitrosamine	Hepatotoxicity	In-vivo, male F344 rats	Organosulfur compounds	Increased cell proliferation with increased poly‐amine biosynthesis	(67)
Diethylnitrosamine	Hepatotoxicity	In-vivo, male F344 rats	Organosulfur compounds	Increased cell proliferation with increased polyamine biosynthesis	(66)
Doxorubicin	Hepatotoxicity	In-vivo, male Sprague Dawley rats	Onion extract (1ml, 14 days, p.o.)	Enhancement of antioxidant status	(68)
Gentamicin	Nephrotoxicity	In-vivo, male Sprague Dawley rats	Ethanolic extract of extract of onion (200 and 400 mg/kg, 14 days, p.o.).	Protecting the kidney from the oxidative stress	(69)
Glutamate	CNS toxicity	In-vitro, HT22 cells,	Quercetin	Reducing both intracellular ROS overproduction and glutamate-mediated Ca(2+) influx.	(22)
L-Buthionine sulfoximine	Neurotoxicity	In-vitro, corticalneuronal cells derived from mouse embryos	Onion extract	inactivation of PKC-𝜀 induced by phosphorylating ERK1/2 is responsible for the neuroprotective effect of Onion extract against BSO-induced oxidative stress	(2)
Isoproterenol	Cardiotoxicity	In-vivo, male albino Wistar rats	Cycloalliin) 10, 20 and 30 mg/ kg, 30 days, p.o.)	Antioxidant property reduced harmful effects of ROS generation	(71)