Table 4.
Changes in biomarkers and variables among the patients who completed the study, stratified by a decrease of 2.5 kg in body weight
| Variable | weight loss ≥ 2.5 (n = 12) | weight loss ≤ 2.5 (n = 32) | MD (95% CI), P-value a |
|---|---|---|---|
| FBS (mg/dl) | 97.28 ± 20.10 | 111.52 ± 15.16 | −14.33 (− 1.1 to − 27.2), 0.032 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 140.83 ± 43.16 | 159.66 ± 47.11 | −18.23 (− 13.14 to 50.21), 0.241 |
| TG (mg/dl) | 134.34 ± 37.16 | 160.83 ± 59.25 | − 25.52 (− 11.1 to 62.33), 0.174 |
| LDL (mg/dl) | 72.36 ± 44.16 | 87.44 ± 44.39 | − 15.11 (− 15.1 to 45.2), 0.326 |
| HDL (mg/dl) | 42.00 ± 6.27 | 44.31 ± 7.59 | − 2.31 (− 2.22 to 7.10), 0.353 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 113.33 ± 13.18 | 122.47 ± 12.16 | − 9.13 (− 0.26 to 18.31), 0.056 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 78.83 ± 7.16 | 77.10 ± 8.10 | − 0.99 (− 8.66 to 6.51), 0.794 |
| BDI | 13.50 ± 3.80 | 16.71 ± 4.33 | − 3.21 (1.47to 6.2), 0.035 |
| EF (٪) | 41.75 ± 6.13 | 39.28 ± 7.23 | − 2.46 (− 7.7 to 2.31), 0.301 |
| hs-CRP (mg/dl) | 1.14 ± 0.45 | 1.79 ± 1.25 | − 0.65 (0.16 to 0.24), 0.011 |
| MDA (mg/dl) | 125.16 ± 44.16 | 137.00 ± 72.39 | − 11.83 (− 35.1 to 59.71), 0.616 |
| TAC (mg/dl) | 219.66 ± 64.83 | 193.81 ± 89.50 | − 25.83 (− 83.1 to 31.32), 0.367 |
| TMAO (mmHg) | 23.90 ± 10.18 | 26.81 ± 33.29 | − 2.91 (− 16.1 to 22.2), 0.769 |
| IL1-Beta (mmHg) | 4.17 ± 1.93 | 5.10 ± 3.43 | − 0.84 (− 1.21 to 2.94), 0.429 |
| IL-10 (mmHg) | 4.05 ± 2.11 | 6. 09 ± 3.99 | − 2.04 (− 0.44 to 4.50), 0.101 |
| MMP (mmHg) | 10.47 ± 4.30 | 16.25 ± 9.75 | − 5.74 (− 0.22 to 11.54), 0.059 |
| TGF-Beta | 19.50 ± 11.50 | 20.18 ± 10.42 | − 0.77 (− 6.1 to 8.81), 0.833 |
| Procolagen | 4.17 ± 1.07 | 4.50 ± 1.23 | − 0.32 (− 1.09 to 0.44), 0.404 |
| LPS (mg/dl) | 19.41 ± 11.42 | 19.68 ± 9.75 | − 0.27 (− 6.7 to 7.2), 0.938 |
| TLR4 (mg/dl) | 10.11 ± 6.81 | 11.11 ± 6.39 | − 1.00 (− 3.1 to 5.40), 0.650 |
| L. rhamnosus (CFU) | 181.66 ± 151.83 | 110.17 ± 123.50 | −71.46 (− 161.1 to 18.2), 0.116 |
| Bacteroid (CFU) | 0.37 ± 0.27 | 0.28 ± 0.22 | − 0.08 (− 0.24 to 0.07), 0.309 |
| Firmicutes (CFU) | 0.23 ± 0.30 | 0.32 ± 0.31 | − 0.08 (− 0.13 to 0.30), 0.777 |
FBS Fasting blood glucose, BDI Beck Depression Inventory, HDL high density lipoprotein, LDL low density lipoprotein, TG Triglyceride, TC Total cholesterol, SBP Systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, MMP-9 Matrix metallopeptidase 9, hs-CRP high sensitivity C-reactive protein, MDA malondialdehyde, TAC total antioxidant capacity. For other abbreviations see Table 4
Values are expressed as mean (SD)
a Independent samples t-test