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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2021 Mar 24;163:72–101. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.03.010

Fig. 1. Manipulation of T cells, infiltration of immune cells in tumor microenvironment, checkpoint inhibitor, and approaches followed in vaccine development.

Fig. 1.

Manipulation of T cells includes antigen representation by DC and artificial antigen presenting systems (aAPC), and nucleic acid transfer. The immune cells (macrophages, T cells, dendritic cells) infiltrate in the tumor microenvironment. The approaches for vaccine development include the injection of engineered dendritic cells, antigen, and aAPC.