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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2021 Mar 24;163:72–101. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.03.010

Fig. 10. Approaches for the localized modulation of the tumor microenvironment.

Fig. 10.

The current approaches mainly include the scaffold, microneedle patches, and injectable hydrogels. The scaffold helps in the activation of T cells, immune checkpoint blockade, as well as the maturation of dendritic cells. The microneedle patches and injectable hydrogel are less invasive and used for the triggered and controlled release of different immune modulators.