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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2021 Mar 24;163:72–101. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.03.010

Fig. 2. Developmental Pathway and Interconnectivity of Immunotherapy and Nanotechnology:

Fig. 2.

The top 3 spikes show the current advancements, while the bottom spikes show the advantages and disadvantages of nano-immunotherapy and convention immunotherapy, respectively. Integration of nanotechnology, material science, and nano-immunoimaging towards reinforcing cancer immunotherapy. The area of pie sector represents the percentage of current development. Abbreviation: checkpoint inhibitor (CI), cytokines (CK), drug delivery (DD), localized therapy (LT), microenvironment tunning (MT), cancer vaccines (CV), microenivornment modulation (MM), combination therapy (CT), controlled release (CR), implantable and injectable biomaterials (I&I Biomaterials).