Table 2:
Progress of nano-and micro-formulation in the improvement of immunotherapy.
| Micro and Nanoformulation |
Type | Surface functionalization |
Adjuvant | Average Size |
Publications, Patents, and Clinical trials |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Polymeric NPs and MPs | PLGA, PLA, PGA, PCL, Chitosan, Polyester, Dextran, PLHMGA, polystyrene | PEG, polyhydroxy, PEI, Carboxyl, cancer cell membrane, sulfate, LHRH peptide, Cy5.5 | CpG, OVA, anisamide, listeriolysin, α-GalCer, HSPs, montanide | 20 mn-5μm | 82, 2, 0 |
| Lipid NPs (Liposomes, solid lipid NPs) | Phospholipid, cationic lipid, DOTAP, DSPE-PEG, phosphatidylcholine, DOPE, NBD-DOPE | Maleimide, PEG, protamine, hyaluronic acid, LHRH peptide, Cy5.5 | OVA, CpG, pIC, zymosan, R848, LPS, L-PAM, Pam3CSK4, MPLA, DiC14-amidine, BCG-CWS, HSP | 150 nm-1.5 μm | 500, 19, 23 |
| Inorganic NPs | Gold, iron oxide, zinc oxide, calcium phosphate, QDs, copper sulfide, CNT, Ce6, MOF, UCNPs, aluminum oxide, silica | Amino, mannose, dextran, avidin, polydopamine | CEA, CpG, GMCSF, 1MT, imiquimod, IDO inhibitors, HSPs, alum | 2-50 mn | 298, 4, 0 |
| Nanogels | Gelatin, chitosan | Quaternary amino | IL-2, IL-15SA | 130-250 mn | 15, 0, 0 |
| Dendrimers | Succinamic acid dendrimers G4), polyamidoamine dendrimers (G5) | DGBA, LHRH peptide, Cy5.5 | CpG, PADRE, | 58-68 nm | 28, 0, 0 21, 0, 0 |
| Cyclodextrins | α-CD, β-CD, γ-CD, Succinyl-β, Methacrylate β, HP-β-CD, M-β-CD, SBE-β-CD | PEG, Porphyrin, | |||
| Micelles | PPS, MPEG- OH, PLL-g-PEG, PEI, PCL, PLH–PEG, dextran-grafted-poly (histidine), PGA, LMWH-d- (TOS), PEG-CDM-PEI | Cancer cell hybrid membrane, CaCO3-crosslinked, heparin | CpG, Poly I:C, M-CSF, IMQ | 23 mn | 78, 0, 0 |
| Microneedles, Scaffold, Hydrogel, rods | Hyaluronic acid, Alginate, PLGA, Chitosan, PVA, silica, gelatin, aluminum hydroxide | Melanin, PEI | GMCSF, CpG, IL-2, IL-15SA, FLT3L, CCL20 | 258, 7, 1 |
Abbreviation: polystyrene nanoparticles (PSNPs), l-dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE), N-(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl) labeled dioleoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine (NBD-DOPE), phenylalanine Mustard (L-PAM), monophosphoryl lipid A(MPLA), Bacille Calmette–Guerin cell wall skeleton (BCG-CWS), Carcinoenbryonic antigen (CEA), Poly(amidoamine)(PAMAM), Guanidinobenzoic acid (DGBA), Galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), Guanidinobenzoic acid (DGBA), cytosine-guanine dinucleotides (CpG), PAn DR epitope (PADRE),2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), Methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD), sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD), Methoxy poly (ethylene glycol) (MPEG- OH), poly(l-histidine)–poly(ethylene glycol) (PLH–PEG), Poly (glutamic acid) (PGA20k), low molecular weight heparin (LMWH)-d-α-tocopheryl succinate (TOS), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), polypropylene sulfide (PPS), polycaprolactone (PCL), luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH), 1,2-dioleoyl-3-(trimethylammonium)propane (DOTAP), 1, 2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-Poly (ethylene glycol)(DSPE-PEG), TLR2 ligand Pam 3 CysSerLys 4 (Pam 3 CSK 4), Nt-butyl-N′-tetradecyl-3-tetradecylaminopropionamidine (diC 14-amidine), chlorine e6 (Ce6), Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), Poly(L-lysine)-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLL-g-PEG), 2-propionic-3-methylmaleic anhydride (CDM),