Table 2.
Odds ratio for type of change in physical activity (improved, worsened, or unchanged) during COVID-19 lockdown by sociodemographic and work-related factors, health status, and lifestyle prior to lockdown, and psychological distress.
| Total | Improved | Worsened | Unchanged | Missing | Improved | Worsened | |||||||
| n (%) | ORs | 95% CI | ORs | 95% CI | |||||||||
| lower limit | upper limit | lower limit | upper limit | p value | |||||||||
| 1826 (100.0) | 97 (5.3) | 641 (35.1) | 972 (53.2) | 116 (6.4) | |||||||||
| Sociodemographic factors | |||||||||||||
| Sex | Male | 423 (23.2) | 15 (3.5) | 140 (33.1) | 253 (59.8) | 15 (3.5) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.035 |
| Female | 1397 (76.5) | 82 (5.9) | 500 (35.8) | 718 (51.4) | 97 (6.9) | 1.96 | 1.08 | 3.53 | 1.22 | 0.96 | 1.56 | ||
| Missing | 6 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (16.7) | 1 (16.7) | 4 (66.7) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Age * | Young adults | 818 (44.8) | 64 (7.8) | 302 (36.9) | 409 (50.0) | 43 (5.3) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | <0.001 |
| Middle-aged | 802 (43.9) | 27 (3.4) | 287 (35.8) | 447 (55.7) | 41 (5.1) | 0.40 | 0.24 | 0.64 | 0.88 | 0.71 | 1.10 | ||
| Aged | 194 (10.6) | 5 (2.6) | 48 (24.7) | 113 (58.2) | 28 (14.4) | 0.28 | 0.10 | 0.79 | 0.64 | 0.44 | 0.94 | ||
| Missing | 12 (0.7) | 1 (8.3) | 4 (33.3) | 3 (25.0) | 4 (33.3) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Education level | Low | 94 (5.1) | 1 (1.1) | 26 (27.7) | 60 (63.8) | 7 (7.4) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.312 |
| Medium | 805 (44.1) | 41 (5.1) | 282 (35.0) | 402 (49.9) | 80 (9.9) | 4.53 | 0.61 | 33.91 | 1.51 | 0.92 | 2.48 | ||
| High | 889 (48.7) | 54 (6.1) | 322 (36.2) | 488 (54.9) | 25 (2.8) | 3.98 | 0.53 | 29.81 | 1.38 | 0.83 | 2.27 | ||
| Missing | 38 (2.1) | 1 (2.6) | 11 (28.9) | 22 (57.9) | 4 (10.5) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Household composition | Alone | 208 (11.4) | 11 (5.3) | 73 (35.1) | 115 (55.3) | 9 (4.3) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.898 |
| At least one cohabitant | 1618 (88.6) | 86 (5.3) | 568 (35.1) | 857 (53.0) | 107 (6.6) | 0.85 | 0.44 | 1.67 | 0.98 | 0.71 | 1.35 | ||
| Work-related factors | |||||||||||||
| Changes in work modality | Work suspended | 103 (5.6) | 6 (5.8) | 50 (48.5) | 40 (38.8) | 7 (6.8) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.001 |
| More remote working | 544 (29.8) | 47 (8.6) | 200 (36.8) | 274 (50.4) | 23 (4.2) | 1.17 | 0.46 | 2.98 | 0.60 | 0.38 | 0.97 | ||
| Unchanged | 685 (37.5) | 24 (3.5) | 230 (33.6) | 398 (58.1) | 33 (4.8) | 0.48 | 0.18 | 1.27 | 0.50 | 0.31 | 0.79 | ||
| Not appl. ** | 313 (17.1) | 15 (4.8) | 84 (26.8) | 180 (57.5) | 34 (10.9) | 0.96 | 0.33 | 2.80 | 0.44 | 0.26 | 0.76 | ||
| Missing | 181 (9.9) | 5 (2.8) | 77 (42.5) | 80 (44.2) | 19 (10.5) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Health status and lifestyle prior to lockdown | |||||||||||||
| Body mass index | Overweight | 600 (32.9) | 37 (6.2) | 210 (35.0) | 310 (51.7) | 43 (7.2) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.054 |
| Normal weight | 1052 (57.6) | 55 (5.2) | 376 (35.7) | 577 (54.8) | 44 (4.2) | 0.58 | 0.37 | 0.92 | 0.87 | 0.69 | 1.10 | ||
| Missing | 174 (9.5) | 5 (2.9) | 55 (31.6) | 85 (48.9) | 29 (16.7) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Physical activity habits *** | Sedentary | 239 (13.1) | 47 (19.7) | 0 (0.0) | 180 (75.3) | 12 (5.0) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | <0.001 |
| Partially active | 995 (54.5) | 50 (5.0) | 355 (35.7) | 543 (54.6) | 47 (4.7) | 0.33 | 0.21 | 0.52 | - | - | - | ||
| Active | 548 (30.0) | 0 (0.0) | 286 (52.2) | 249 (45.4) | 13 (2.4) | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| Missing | 44 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 44 (100.0) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Cigarette smoking habits | Smoker | 389 (21.3) | 34 (8.7) | 138 (35.5) | 183 (47.0) | 34 (8.7) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.014 |
| Non-smoker | 1195 (65.4) | 53 (4.4) | 436 (36.5) | 655 (54.8) | 51 (4.3) | 0.44 | 0.28 | 0.72 | 0.89 | 0.69 | 1.15 | ||
| Former smoker | 189 (10.4) | 9 (4.8) | 55 (29.1) | 112 (59.3) | 13 (6.9) | 0.59 | 0.27 | 1.31 | 0.73 | 0.49 | 1.09 | ||
| Missing | 53 (2.9) | 1 (1.9) | 12 (22.6) | 22 (41.5) | 18 (34.0) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Symptoms of Psychological distress | |||||||||||||
| Tension | Yes | 359 (19.7) | 19 (5.3) | 162 (45.1) | 153 (42.6) | 25 (7.0) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | <0.001 |
| No | 1337 (73.2) | 74 (5.5) | 445 (33.3) | 751 (56.2) | 67 (5.0) | 0.91 | 0.53 | 1.57 | 0.59 | 0.45 | 0.76 | ||
| Missing | 130 (7.1) | 4 (3.1) | 34 (26.2) | 68 (52.3) | 24 (18.5) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Upset | Yes | 372 (20.4) | 20 (5.4) | 156 (41.9) | 178 (47.8) | 18 (4.8) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.030 |
| No | 1284 (70.3) | 71 (5.5) | 435 (33.9) | 725 (56.5) | 53 (4.1) | 0.94 | 0.55 | 1.60 | 0.71 | 0.55 | 0.92 | ||
| Missing | 170 (9.3) | 6 (3.5) | 50 (29.4) | 69 (40.6) | 45 (26.5) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Worry | Yes | 810 (44.4) | 37 (4.6) | 323 (39.9) | 406 (50.1) | 44 (5.4) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.002 |
| No | 914 (50.1) | 52 (5.7) | 291 (31.8) | 527 (57.7) | 44 (4.8) | 1.13 | 0.71 | 1.78 | 0.70 | 0.57 | 0.86 | ||
| Missing | 102 (5.6) | 8 (7.8) | 27 (26.5) | 39 (38.2) | 28 (27.5) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Fear | Yes (ref) | 303 (16.6) | 13 (4.3) | 115 (38.0) | 150 (49.5) | 25 (8.3) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.329 |
| No | 1404 (76.9) | 81 (5.8) | 490 (34.9) | 768 (54.7) | 65 (4.6) | 1.28 | 0.68 | 2.38 | 0.86 | 0.65 | 1.13 | ||
| Missing | 119 (6.5) | 3 (2.5) | 36 (30.3) | 54 (45.4) | 26 (21.8) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Loneliness | Yes (ref) | 249 (13.6) | 13 (5.2) | 110 (44.2) | 116 (46.6) | 10 (4.0) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.028 |
| No | 1439 (78.8) | 79 (5.5) | 493 (34.3) | 798 (55.5) | 69 (4.8) | 0.88 | 0.47 | 1.65 | 0.67 | 0.50 | 0.90 | ||
| Missing | 138 (7.6) | 5 (3.6) | 38 (27.5) | 58 (42.0) | 37 (26.8) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Uncertainty | Yes | 996 (54.5) | 55 (5.5) | 405 (40.7) | 482 (48.4) | 54 (5.4) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | <0.001 |
| No | 778 (42.6) | 39 (5.0) | 222 (28.5) | 470 (60.4) | 47 (6.0) | 0.78 | 0.50 | 1.21 | 0.57 | 0.46 | 0.70 | ||
| Missing | 52 (2.8) | 3 (5.8) | 14 (26.9) | 20 (38.5) | 15 (28.8) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
ORs are adjusted for age, sex and education level. Age is adjusted for sex and education level; sex is adjusted for age and education level; education level is adjusted for age and sex. * Young adults (18–44); middle-aged (45–64); aged (≥65). ** Not appl. = participants who were retired, students, or housewives before COVID-19 lockdown. *** Due to few or null events in one or more covariate patterns, it was impossible to estimate model parameters.