Table 3.
Odds ratio for type of change in diet (improved, worsened, mixed behaviors, or unchanged) during COVID-19 lockdown by sociodemographic and work-related factors, health status, and lifestyle prior to lockdown, and psychological distress.
| Total | Improved | Worsened | Mixed Behaviors * | Unchanged * | Missing | Improved | Worsened | |||||||
| n (%) | ORs | 95% CI | ORs | 95% CI | p value | |||||||||
| lower limit | upper limit | lower limit | upper limit | |||||||||||
| 1826 (100.0) | 612 (33.5) | 321 (17.6) | 337 (18.5) | 530 (29.0) | 26 (1.4) | |||||||||
| Sociodemographic factors | ||||||||||||||
| Sex | Male | 423 (23.2) | 156 (36.9) | 48 (11.3) | 60 (14.2) | 150 (35.5) | 9 (2.1) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | <0.001 |
| Female | 1397 (76.5) | 456 (32.6) | 272 (19.5) | 277 (19.8) | 379 (27.1) | 13 (0.9) | 0.90 | 0.71 | 1.15 | 1.90 | 1.33 | 2.71 | ||
| Missing | 6 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (16.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (16.7) | 4 (66.7) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Age ** | Young adult | 818 (44.8) | 289 (35.3) | 165 (20.2) | 168 (20.5) | 187 (22.9) | 9 (1.1) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | <0.001 |
| Middle-aged | 802 (43.9) | 274 (34.2) | 136 (17.0) | 132 (16.5) | 250 (31.2) | 10 (1.2) | 0.95 | 0.76 | 1.19 | 0.70 | 0.52 | 0.92 | ||
| Aged | 194 (10.6) | 45 (23.2) | 18 (9.3) | 36 (18.6) | 92 (47.4) | 3 (1.5) | 0.44 | 0.30 | 0.66 | 0.30 | 0.17 | 0.51 | ||
| Missing | 12 (0.7) | 4 (33.3) | 2 (16.7) | 1 (8.3) | 1 (8.3) | 4 (33.3) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Educational level | Low | 94 (5.1) | 23 (24.5) | 17 (18.1) | 19 (20.2) | 34 (36.2) | 1 (1.1) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | <0.001 |
| Medium | 805 (44.1) | 242 (30.1) | 163 (20.2) | 162 (20.1) | 227 (28.2) | 11 (1.4) | 1.22 | 0.72 | 2.06 | 0.96 | 0.53 | 1.73 | ||
| High | 889 (48.7) | 338 (38.0) | 135 (15.2) | 148 (16.6) | 259 (29.1) | 9 (1.0) | 1.57 | 0.93 | 2.66 | 0.67 | 0.37 | 1.24 | ||
| Missing | 38 (2.1) | 9 (23.7) | 6 (15.8) | 8 (21.1) | 10 (26.3) | 5 (13.2) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Household composition | Alone | 208 (11.4) | 64 (30.8) | 43 (20.7) | 30 (14.4) | 68 (32.7) | 3 (1.4) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.213 |
| At least one cohabitant | 1618 (88.6) | 548 (33.9) | 278 (17.2) | 307 (19.0) | 462 (28.6) | 23 (1.4) | 1.01 | 0.72 | 1.42 | 0.72 | 0.48 | 1.07 | ||
| Work-related factors | ||||||||||||||
| Changes in work modality | Work suspended | 103 (5.6) | 32 (31.1) | 33 (32.0) | 23 (22.3) | 14 (13.6) | 1 (1.0) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.002 |
| More remote working | 544 (29.8) | 219 (40.3) | 88 (16.2) | 106 (19.5) | 122 (22.4) | 9 (1.7) | 1 | 0.60 | 1.69 | 0.51 | 0.30 | 0.89 | ||
| Unchanged | 685 (37.5) | 200 (29.2) | 132 (19.3) | 125 (18.2) | 225 (32.8) | 3 (0.4) | 0.63 | 0.38 | 1.06 | 0.52 | 0.30 | 0.89 | ||
| Not applicable | 313 (17.1) | 91 (29.1) | 42 (13.4) | 42 (13.4) | 133 (42.5) | 5 (1.6) | 0.86 | 0.48 | 1.54 | 0.50 | 0.27 | 0.94 | ||
| Missing | 181 (9.9) | 70 (38.7) | 26 (14.4) | 41 (22.7) | 36 (19.9) | 8 (4.4) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Health status and lifestyle prior to lockdown | ||||||||||||||
| Body mass index | Overweight | 600 (32.9) | 208 (34.7) | 120 (20.0) | 119 (19.8) | 149 (24.8) | 4 (0.7) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.010 |
| Normal weight | 1052 (57.6) | 361 (34.3) | 168 (16.0) | 173 (16.4) | 335 (31.8) | 15 (1.4) | 0.82 | 0.64 | 1.04 | 0.64 | 0.48 | 0.86 | ||
| Missing | 174 (9.5) | 43 (24.7) | 33 (19.0) | 45 (25.9) | 46 (26.4) | 7 (4.0) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Physical activity habits | Sedentary | 239 (13.1) | 76 (31.8) | 44 (18.4) | 40 (16.7) | 77 (32.2) | 2 (0.8) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.463 |
| Partially active | 995 (54.5) | 346 (34.8) | 180 (18.1) | 194 (19.5) | 265 (26.6) | 10 (1.0) | 1.17 | 0.84 | 1.61 | 1.10 | 0.74 | 1.63 | ||
| Active | 548 (30.0) | 176 (32.1) | 91 (16.6) | 96 (17.5) | 178 (32.5) | 7 (1.3) | 0.96 | 0.67 | 1.36 | 0.89 | 0.58 | 1.37 | ||
| Missing | 44 (2.4) | 14 (31.8) | 6 (13.6) | 7 (15.9) | 10 (22.7) | 7 (15.9) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Cigarette smoking habits | Smoker | 389 (21.3) | 116 (29.8) | 88 (22.6) | 85 (21.9) | 97 (24.9) | 3 (0.8) | 1 | .. | .. | 0.126 | |||
| Non- smoker | 1195 (65.4) | 427 (35.7) | 194 (16.2) | 207 (17.3) | 357 (29.9) | 10 (0.8) | 1.16 | 0.88 | 1.53 | 0.74 | 0.54 | 1.01 | ||
| Former smoker | 189 (10.4) | 57 (30.2) | 32 (16.9) | 38 (20.1) | 60 (31.7) | 2 (1.1) | 1.02 | 0.67 | 1.54 | 0.78 | 0.48 | 1.29 | ||
| Missing | 53 (2.9) | 12 (22.6) | 7 (13.2) | 7 (13.2) | 16 (30.2) | 11 (20.8) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Symptoms of Psychological distress | ||||||||||||||
| Tension | Yes | 359 (19.7) | 97 (27.0) | 105 (29.2) | 78 (21.7) | 76 (21.2) | 3 (0.8) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | <0.001 |
| No | 1337 (73.2) | 479 (35.8) | 197 (14.7) | 238 (17.8) | 408 (30.5) | 15 (1.1) | 1.16 | 0.87 | 1.55 | 0.50 | 0.37 | 0.69 | ||
| Missing | 130 (7.1) | 36 (27.7) | 19 (14.6) | 21 (16.2) | 46 (35.4) | 8 (6.2) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Upset | Yes | 372 (20.4) | 126 (33.9) | 87 (23.4) | 81 (21.8) | 75 (20.2) | 3 (0.8) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.001 |
| No | 1284 (70.3) | 450 (35.0) | 190 (14.8) | 220 (17.1) | 411 (32.0) | 13 (1.0) | 0.82 | 0.62 | 1.07 | 0.55 | 0.40 | 0.76 | ||
| Missing | 170 (9.3) | 36 (21.2) | 44 (25.9) | 36 (21.2) | 44 (25.9) | 10 (5.9) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Worry | Yes | 810 (44.4) | 274 (33.8) | 167 (20.6) | 148 (18.3) | 211 (26.0) | 10 (1.2) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | <0.001 |
| No | 914 (50.1) | 310 (33.9) | 124 (13.6) | 176 (19.3) | 296 (32.4) | 8 (0.9) | 0.81 | 0.65 | 1.00 | 0.56 | 0.42 | 0.74 | ||
| Missing | 102 (5.6) | 28 (27.5) | 30 (29.4) | 13 (12.7) | 23 (22.5) | 8 (7.8) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Fear | Yes | 303 (16.6) | 90 (29.7) | 77 (25.4) | 62 (20.5) | 72 (23.8) | 2 (0.7) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.023 |
| No | 1404 (76.9) | 482 (34.3) | 228 (16.2) | 257 (18.3) | 422 (30.1) | 15 (1.1) | 0.99 | 0.74 | 1.34 | 0.65 | 0.47 | 0.90 | ||
| Missing | 119 (6.5) | 40 (33.6) | 16 (13.4) | 18 (15.1) | 36 (30.3) | 9 (7.6) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Loneliness | Yes | 249 (13.6) | 76 (30.5) | 59 (23.7) | 57 (22.9) | 55 (22.1) | 2 (0.8) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.039 |
| No | 1439 (78.8) | 504 (35.0) | 225 (15.6) | 261 (18.1) | 436 (30.3) | 13 (0.9) | 1.00 | 0.73 | 1.38 | 0.65 | 0.45 | 0.93 | ||
| Missing | 138 (7.6) | 32 (23.2) | 37 (26.8) | 19 (13.8) | 39 (28.3) | 11 (8.0) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Uncertainty | Yes | 996 (54.5) | 345 (34.6) | 190 (19.1) | 186 (18.7) | 265 (26.6) | 10 (1.0) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.032 |
| No | 778 (42.6) | 247 (31.7) | 121 (15.6) | 145 (18.6) | 256 (32.9) | 9 (1.2) | 0.78 | 0.63 | 0.97 | 0.75 | 0.57 | 0.99 | ||
| Missing | 52 (2.8) | 20 (38.5) | 10 (19.2) | 6 (11.5) | 9 (17.3) | 7 (13.5) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
ORs are adjusted for age, sex and education level. Age is adjusted for sex and education level; sex is adjusted for age and education level; education level is adjusted for age and sex. * Analyses were performed considering mixed behaviors and unchanged as one category of reference. ** Young adults (18–44); middle-aged (45–64); aged (≥ 65).