Table 4.
Odds ratio for type of change in alcohol drinking (decreased, increased, or unchanged) during COVID-19 lockdown by sociodemographic and work-related factors, health status, and lifestyle prior to lockdown, and psychological distress.
| Total | Decreased | Increased | Unchanged | Missing | Decreased | Increased | |||||||
| n (%) | ORs | 95% CI | ORs | 95% CI | |||||||||
| lower limit | upper limit | lower limit | upper limit | p value | |||||||||
| 1826 (100) | 231 (12.6) | 229 (12.5) | 1275 (69.8) | 91 (5.0) | |||||||||
| Sociodemographic factors | |||||||||||||
| Sex | Male | 423 (23.2) | 80 (18.9) | 54 (12.8) | 277 (65.5) | 12 (2.8) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | <0.001 |
| Female | 1397(76.5) | 151 (10.8) | 174 (12.5) | 997 (71.4) | 75 (5.4) | 0.47 | 0.34 | 0.65 | 0.80 | 0.57 | 1.13 | ||
| Missing | 6 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (16.7) | 1 (16.7) | 4 (66.7) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Age | Young adults (18–44) | 818 (44.8) | 162 (19.8) | 131 (16.0) | 503 (61.5) | 22 (2.7) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | <0.001 |
| Middle-aged (45–64) | 802 (43.9) | 56 (7.0) | 94 (11.7) | 607 (75.7) | 45 (5.6) | 0.27 | 0.20 | 0.39 | 0.60 | 0.44 | 0.80 | ||
| Aged (≥ 65) | 194 (10.6) | 12 (6.2) | 3 (1.5) | 159 (82.0) | 20 (10.3) | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.38 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.23 | ||
| Missing | 12 (0.7) | 1 (8.3) | 1 (8.3) | 6 (50.0) | 4 (33.3) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Educational level | Low | 94 (5.1) | 6 (6.4) | 9 (9.6) | 68 (72.3) | 11(11.7) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.910 |
| Medium | 805 (44.1) | 97 (12.0) | 95 (11.8) | 573 (71.2) | 40 (5.0) | 1.46 | 0.60 | 3.57 | 0.91 | 0.43 | 1.93 | ||
| High | 889 (48.7) | 124 (13.9) | 123 (13.8) | 610 (68.6) | 32 (3.6) | 1.41 | 0.58 | 3,44 | 0.97 | 0.46 | 2.05 | ||
| Missing | 38 (2.1) | 4 (10.5) | 2 (5.3) | 24 (63.2) | 8 (21.1) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Household composition | Alone | 208 (11.4) | 36 (17.3) | 19 (9.1) | 140 (67.3) | 13 (6.3) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.012 |
| At least one cohabitant | 1618 (88.6) | 195 (12.1) | 210 (13.0) | 1135 (70.1) | 78 (4.8) | 0.55 | 0.36 | 0.85 | 1.17 | 0.70 | 1.96 | ||
| Work-related factors | |||||||||||||
| Changes in work modality | Work suspended | 103 (5.6) | 18 (17.5) | 12 (11.7) | 66 (64.1) | 7 (6.8) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.024 |
| More remote working | 544 (29.8) | 64 (11.8) | 95 (17.5) | 375 (68.9) | 10 (1.8) | 0.57 | 0.31 | 1.06 | 1.37 | 0.70 | 2.68 | ||
| Unchanged | 685 (37.5) | 103 (15.0) | 81 (11.8) | 485 (70.8) | 16 (2.3) | 0.88 | 0.49 | 1.59 | 0.99 | 0.50 | 1.94 | ||
| Not applicable | 313 (17.1) | 30 (9.6) | 18 (5.8) | 229 (73.2) | 36 (11.5) | 0.90 | 0.44 | 1.84 | 0.84 | 0.37 | 1.91 | ||
| Missing | 181 (9.9) | 16 (8.8) | 23 (12.7) | 120 (66.3) | 22 (12.2) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Health status and lifestyle prior to lockdown | |||||||||||||
| Body mass index | Overweight | 600 (32.9) | 57 (9.5) | 61 (10.2) | 452 (75.3) | 30 (5.0) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.013 |
| Normal weight | 1052 (57.6) | 154 (14.6) | 147 (14.0) | 705 (67.0) | 46 (4.4) | 1.59 | 1.12 | 2.24 | 1.35 | 0.97 | 1.89 | ||
| Missing | 174 (9.5) | 20 (11.5) | 21 (12.1) | 118 (67.8) | 15 (8.6) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Physical activity habits | Sedentary | 239 (13.1) | 27 (11.3) | 26 (10.9) | 176 (73.6) | 10 (4.2) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.037 |
| Partially active | 995 (54.5) | 110 (11.1) | 120 (12.1) | 729 (73.3) | 36 (3.6) | 0.97 | 0.61 | 1.55 | 1.15 | 0.72 | 1.82 | ||
| Active | 548 (30.0) | 93 (17.0) | 79 (14.4) | 348 (63.5) | 28 (5.1) | 1.53 | 0.94 | 2.47 | 1.50 | 0.92 | 2.44 | ||
| Missing | 44 (2.4) | 1 (2.3) | 4 (9.1) | 22 (50.0) | 17 (38.6) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Cigarette smoking habits | Smoker | 389 (21.3) | 59 (15.2) | 60 (15.4) | 253 (65.0) | 17 (4.4) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.123 |
| Non- smoker | 1195 (65.4) | 152 (12.7) | 139 (11.6) | 857 (71.7) | 47 (3.9) | 0.85 | 0.60 | 1.22 | 0.66 | 0.47 | 0.93 | ||
| Former smoker | 189 (10.4) | 16 (8.5) | 22 (11.6) | 146 (77.2) | 5 (2.6) | 0.62 | 0.33 | 1.16 | 0.73 | 0.42 | 1.28 | ||
| Missing | 53 (2.9) | 4 (7.5) | 8 (15.1) | 19 (35.8) | 22 (41.5) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Psychological distress | |||||||||||||
| Tension | Yes | 359 (19.7) | 43 (12.0) | 74 (20.6) | 232 (64.6) | 10 (2.8) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | <0.001 |
| No | 1337 (73.2) | 184 (13.8) | 140 (10.5) | 951 (71.1) | 62 (4.6) | 1.06 | 0.73 | 1.56 | 0.49 | 0.35 | 0.68 | ||
| Missing | 130 (7.1) | 4 (3.1) | 15 (11.5) | 92 (70.8) | 19 (14.6) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Upset | Yes | 372 (20.4) | 45 (12.1) | 72 (19.4) | 246 (66.1) | 9 (2.4) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.001 |
| No | 1284 (70.3) | 181 (14.1) | 143 (11.1) | 900 (70.1) | 60 (4.7) | 1.00 | 0.69 | 1.44 | 0.54 | 0.39 | 0.75 | ||
| Missing | 170 (9.3) | 5 (2.9) | 14 (8.2) | 129 (75.9) | 22 (12.9) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Worry | Yes | 810 (44.4) | 94 (11.6) | 127 (15.7) | 556 (68.6) | 33 (4.1) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.004 |
| No | 914 (50.1) | 133 (14.6) | 95 (10.4) | 647 (70.8) | 39 (4.3) | 1.04 | 0.77 | 1.42 | 0.61 | 0.45 | 0.82 | ||
| Missing | 102 (5.6) | 4 (3.9) | 7 (6.9) | 72 (70.6) | 19 (18.6) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Fear | Yes | 303 (16.6) | 31 (10.2) | 53 (17.5) | 201 (66.3) | 18 (5.9) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.010 |
| No | 1404 (76.9) | 194 (13.8) | 160 (11.4) | 995 (70.9) | 55 (3.9) | 1.02 | 0.66 | 1.56 | 0.58 | 0.40 | 0.83 | ||
| Missing | 119 (6.5) | 6 (5.0) | 16 (13.4) | 79 (66.4) | 18 (15.1) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Loneliness | Yes | 249 (13.6) | 47 (18.9) | 41 (16.5) | 152 (61.0) | 9 (3.6) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.001 |
| No | 1439 (78.8) | 180 (12.5) | 170 (11.8) | 1027 (71.4) | 62 (4.3) | 0.54 | 0.36 | 0.78 | 0.62 | 0.42 | 0.93 | ||
| Missing | 138 (7.6) | 4 (2.9) | 18 (13.0) | 96 (69.6) | 20 (14.5) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Uncertainty | Yes | 996 (54.5) | 118 (11.8) | 140 (14.1) | 693 (69.6) | 45 (4.5) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.040 |
| No | 778 (42.6) | 107 (13.8) | 78 (10.0) | 558 (71.7) | 35 (4.5) | 1.06 | 0.79 | 1.43 | 0.69 | 0.51 | 0.93 | ||
| Missing | 52 (2.8) | 6 (11.5) | 11 (21.2) | 24 (46.2) | 11 (21.2) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
ORs are adjusted for age, sex and education level. Age is adjusted for sex and education level; sex is adjusted for age and education level; education level is adjusted for age and sex.