Table 2.
Summary on economic parameters of different processes with different feedstock
| Oil feedstock | Catalyst | Reaction media | Plant capacity (tons/year) | Operation mode | Production cost (million $/year) | Manufacturing cost (million $/year) | Biodiesel cost ($/kg) | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical-catalysed processes | ||||||||
|
Vegetable oil Waste cooking oil Waste cooking oil Waste cooking oil |
Alkali Alkali Acid Acid (hexane extraction) |
None | 8000 | Continuous |
7.59 7.76 5.92 6.35 |
6.86 7.08 5.15 5.62 |
0.857 0.884 0.644 0.702 |
[57] |
| Waste cooking oil |
Acid/alkali Homogenous acid Heterogeneous acid Non-catalytic |
None | 8000 | Continuous |
5.78 5.37 4.45 5.19 |
5.20 4.76 3.88 4.59 |
– – – – |
[22] |
|
Fresh canola oil Waste canola oil Waste canola oil |
Alkali Acid/alkali Non-catalytic |
None | 40,000 | Continuous |
50.9 40.2 32.49 |
45.8 35 29 |
1.0 ($/L) 0.762 0.632 |
[32] |
| Rapeseed oil | Alkali | None | 50,000 | Continuous | 65.9 | 1.15 ($/L) | [50] | |
| Waste cooking oil | Non-catalytic | None |
8000 80,000 125,000 |
Continuous |
3.5389 17.134 18.790 |
0.52 ($/L) 0.24 0.17 |
[51] | |
| Waste cooking oil |
Non-catalytic Alkali |
None | 100,000 | Continuous |
54.934 55.590 |
0.727 ($/L) 0.671 |
[52] | |
| Crude soybean oil | Alkali | None | 37,854,118 L/year | Continuous | 21.329 | 20.041 | 0.53 ($/L) | [55] |
| Palm oil | Alkali | None | 1000 | Batch | – | 1166.7 ($/ton of biodiesel) | 2.3 ($/L) | [59] |
| Enzyme productivity (kg biodiesel/kg enzyme) | Enzyme price ($/kg) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Enzyme-catalysed processes | ||||||||
| Rapeseed oil | Immobilized enzyme | None |
8000 200,000 |
Continuous | 1200 |
1000 10 1000 10 |
1.95 0.98 0.96 0.065 |
[23] |
| Palm oil | Immobilized enzyme | None | 1000 | Batch | 5 cycles | 1200 | 2.414 | [59] |
| Waste cooking oil | Immobilized enzyme | None | 8000 | Continuous | 200 cycles | – | 1.15 | [58] |
| Rapeseed oil | Immobilized enzyme | Co-solvent |
8000 200,000 |
Continuous | 4250 |
1000 10 1000 10 |
3.12 2.87 2.23 1.97 |
[23] |
| Waste oil | Immobilized enzyme | Co-solvent | 8500 | Continuous | – | 2000 $/klU | 0.86 | [34] |
| Waste cooking sunflower oil | Immobilized enzyme | Supercritical CO2 | 8000 | Continuous | – |
800 €/kg 8 €/kg |
1.64 €/L 0.75 €/L |
[36] |
| Palm oil | Soluble lipase | None | 1000 | Batch | Single use | – | 7.821 | [59] |
| Vegetable oil | Soluble lipase | N/A | 11,200 | Continuous | Single use | 1000 | 1.4 | [45] |