Table 3.
An overview of LCA studies focusing biodiesel production
| Feedstock | Focus | Functional unit | Boundaries | Allocation | Impact categories | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jatropha | Comparison of two technologies using differed catalyst | 1 ton biodiesel | Well-to-wheels | – | Human health, ecosystem quality, resources | [76] |
| Rapeseed | Comparison of inorganic and biocatalytic production of biodiesel | 1 ton biodiesel | Cradle-to-gate | Mass | ARD, GWP, FWAE, AP/EP, MAE, OLD, HT, TE, PO | [33] |
| Waste vegetable oil | Comparison of process alternatives | 1 ton biodiesel | Industrial | Mass | ARD, AP, EP, GWP, MAE, OLD, HT, TE, PO, FWAE | [74] |
| Palm oil | Comparison of alkali and biocatalytic process | 1, 5, 10 Mg biodiesel | Cradle-to-gate | – | CC, C, RO, RI, OLD, E, AP/EP, ME, R, LU, FF | [67] |
|
Poultry fat Sewage sludge Beef tallow Waste cooking oil |
Comparison of four production technologies from different FFA-rich wastes | 1 ton biodiesel | Feed transportation and industrial | Mass | GWP, AP, EP, OLD, PO, NRED | [73] |
| Palm oil | Comparison of biodiesel technology using bio and alkali catalyst |
1 ton biodiesel 1 ha palm oil |
Agriculture and industrial | Mass | C, RO, RI, CC, R, OLD, E, AP/EP, LU, ME, FF | [70] |
| Waste vegetable oil | Biodiesel manufacturing | 2018 kg biodiesel | Cradle to gate | – | GHG | [78] |
|
Waste vegetable oil Soybean oil |
Comparison of the environmental impacts from alkali and biocatalytic biodiesel production | 1 ton biodiesel | Cradle to gate | Mass | ARD, GWP, OLD, TE, PO, HT, FWAE, AP, EP, MAE | [11] |
|
Jatropha oil Waste vegetable oil |
Comparison between jatropha oil and waste vegetable oil for biodiesel production using alkali-catalysed process | 1 ton biodiesel | Cradle to gate | – | GWP, HT, RI, RO, OLD, TE, MAE, AP, EP, LU, NRED, ME | [65] |
| Soybean oil | Comparison between ethylic enzymatic and methylic alkaline routes for the production of biodiesel | 1 ton biodiesel | Cradle to gate | – | NRED, GHG, OLD, PO, AP, LEG, SWG | [75] |
|
Soybean oil Palm oil |
Comparison of biodiesel production from palm and soybean oil | 1 MJ biodiesel | Cradle to gate | Energy | ARD, GWP, HT, AP, EP | [66] |
|
Soybean oil Jatropha Microalgae |
Comparison of biodiesel derived from jatropha, soybean and microalgae | 1 MJ biodiesel | Well to wheel | Mass energy | GWP, ARD, OLD, PO, AP, EP, HT, FWAE, MAE, TE | [60] |
ARD abiotic resources depletion, GWP global warming potential, MAE marine aquatic ecotoxicity, TE terrestrial ecotoxicity, OLD ozone layer depletion, PO photochemical oxidation, HT human toxicity, EP eutrophication potential, FWAE fresh water aquatic ecotoxicity, AP acidification potential, CC climate change, C carcinogens, RO respiratory organics, RI respiratory inorganic, E ecotoxicity, ME minerals extraction, LU land use, FF fossil fuels, NRED non-renewable energy demand, R radiation, GHG greenhouse gas emissions, SWG solid waste generation, LEG liquid effluents generation